{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:43:36Z","timestamp":1790016216898,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Austrian Society for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The measurement of cytokines in induced sputum and nasal lavage (NL) samples has been performed for years in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of this study was to directly compare sputum and NL samples and interpret results based on disease severity in patients who were categorized as having mild or severe lung disease. The categorization was based primarily on structural abnormalities detected on lung computed tomography and secondarily on lung function. The serum inflammatory markers neutrophil elastase (NE), IL-1\u03b2, 2, 6, 8, 10 and 17a were measured in each sputum and NL sample. Thirty-two sample pairs from 29 patients were included in this study (13 mild, 19 severe). In the patients classified as severe, many systemic inflammatory markers as well as sputum cytokines were significantly higher compared to those in the mild patients. However, all the markers measured in the NL were higher in the mild patients (p =&lt; 0.05 for NE, IL-6 and IL-8). In addition, many cytokines in the NL correlated negatively with those in the sputum samples. Major differences in the cytokine levels were shown although the samples were obtained at the same time in the same patient. Advanced structural lung disease was closely related to systemic and lower airway inflammation, whereas preserved lung function was associated with higher levels in the NL. We hypothesize that the main part of the immune response takes place in the nasal mucosa in patients with minor pulmonary changes. Our results suggest that inflammation must be interpreted individually depending on the compartment in which it is measured. Further research is needed to accurately understand inflammatory markers measured in NL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T08:09:08Z","timestamp":1728979748000},"page":"11081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cytokines Measured in Nasal Lavage Compared to Induced Sputum in Patients with Mild Cystic Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artemis","family":"Vasiliadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Zlamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Praxis Dr. Zlamy, Kirchstrasse 10, 6091 G\u00f6tzens, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Siedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatrics III, Tirol Kliniken, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Niedermayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatrics III, Tirol Kliniken, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0030-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothea","family":"Appelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatrics III, Tirol Kliniken, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Eder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Pediatrics III, Tirol Kliniken, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Ellemunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Paediatrics III, Cystic Fibrosis Centre Innsbruck, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32542-3","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis","volume":"397","author":"Shteinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Mucus obstruction and inflammation in early cystic fibrosis lung disease: Emerging role of the IL-1 signaling pathway","volume":"54","author":"Mall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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