{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:17:06Z","timestamp":1791357426339,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":230,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a complex and debilitating condition that impacts millions of people globally. Although various treatment options exist, their effectiveness is often limited, and they can be accompanied by significant side effects. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in targeting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) as a potential therapeutic approach to alleviate different types of neuropathic pain. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of NMDAR antagonists, specifically ketamine, memantine, methadone, amantadine, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenytoin, dextromethorphan, riluzole, and levorphanol, in the management of NeP. By analyzing and summarizing current preclinical and clinical studies, this review seeks to evaluate the efficacy of these pharmacologic agents in providing adequate relief for NeP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T07:58:32Z","timestamp":1729065512000},"page":"11111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists in Neuropathic Pain Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7259-7942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian","family":"Pu\u0219ca\u0219u","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Chiri\u021b\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Negre\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta Mirela","family":"Blebea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constan\u021ba, C\u0103pitan Aviator Al. \u015eerb\u0103nescu 6, 900470 Constan\u021ba, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, May 17). Terminology|International Association for the Study of Pain. Available online: https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/resources\/terminology\/."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e22419","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain in Neurologic Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Mitsikostas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Was, H., Borkowska, A., Bagues, A., Tu, L., Liu, J.Y.H., Lu, Z., Rudd, J.A., Nurgali, K., and Abalo, R. (2022). Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.750507"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shkodra, M., and Caraceni, A. (2022). Treatment of Neuropathic Pain Directly Due to Cancer: An Update. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14081992"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001824","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain in the Community: Prevalence, Impact, and Risk Factors","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u0219ca\u0219u, C., Zanfirescu, A., and Negre\u0219, S. (2023). Recent Progress in Gels for Neuropathic Pain. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9050417"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2012.729548","article-title":"The Burden Associated with Neuropathic Pain in Western Europe","volume":"16","author":"Langley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1185\/030079906X132488","article-title":"PainDETECT: A New Screening Questionnaire to Identify Neuropathic Components in Patients with Back Pain","volume":"22","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210956.31997.89","article-title":"Health and Quality of Life Associated with Chronic Pain of Predominantly Neuropathic Origin in the Community","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259085.61898.9e","article-title":"The Impact of Neuropathic Pain on Health-Related Quality of Life: Review and Implications","volume":"68","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3002","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"339","author":"Freynhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Velzen, M., Dahan, A., and Niesters, M. (2020). Neuropathic Pain: Challenges and Opportunities. Front. Pain Res., 1.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2020.00001"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"95","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hans, G., Masquelier, E., and De Cock, P. (2007). The Diagnosis and Management of Neuropathic Pain in Daily Practice in Belgium: An Observational Study. BMC Public Health, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-170"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmm042","article-title":"Medication and Treatment Use in Primary Care Patients with Chronic Pain of Predominantly Neuropathic Origin","volume":"24","author":"Torrance","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2022.6.24","article-title":"Evaluation of Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol-Based Products in Animal Models of Epileptic Seizures, Neuropathic Pain and Chronic Inflammation","volume":"70","author":"Blebea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pu\u0219ca\u0219u, C., Ungurianu, A., \u0218eremet, O.C., Andrei, C., Mihai, D.P., and Negre\u0219, S. (2023). The Influence of Sildenafil\u2013Metformin Combination on Hyperalgesia and Biochemical Markers in Diabetic Neuropathy in Mice. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59081375"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz075","article-title":"A Comprehensive Algorithm for Management of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"20","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, K., and Garraway, S.M. (2024). A Review of Dorsal Root Ganglia and Primary Sensory Neuron Plasticity Mediating Inflammatory and Chronic Neuropathic Pain. Neurobiol. Pain, 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2024.100151"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f7656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7656","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain: Mechanisms and Their Clinical Implications","volume":"348","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2006.10.008","article-title":"Glutamate Receptors and Pain","volume":"17","author":"Bleakman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(99)00120-7","article-title":"Update on the Neurophysiology of Pain Transmission and Modulation","volume":"19","author":"Bennett","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000081061.12235.55","article-title":"The Role of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors in Pain: A Review","volume":"97","author":"Petrenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2305089","article-title":"The Complexity of Neuropathic Pain and Central Sensitization: Exploring Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.173112","article-title":"Functional Plasticity of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Regulating Spinal Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Input in Neuropathic Pain","volume":"336","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.10.042","article-title":"Effects of Activation of Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors on Spinal Synaptic Transmission in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.126102","article-title":"Altered Synaptic Input and GABAB Receptor Function in Spinal Superficial Dorsal Horn Neurons in Rats with Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"579","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/386721a0","article-title":"NMDA-Receptor Regulation of Substance P Release from Primary Afferent Nociceptors","volume":"386","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5857-09.2010","article-title":"Opioid-Induced Long-Term Potentiation in the Spinal Cord Is a Presynaptic Event","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00296.2009","article-title":"Effects of Sciatic Nerve Axotomy on Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Rat Substantia Gelatinosa","volume":"102","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.09.009","article-title":"Activation of Group I MGlu Receptors Contributes to Facilitation of NMDA Receptor Membrane Current in Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons after Hind Paw Inflammation in Rats","volume":"670","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744-8069-8-56","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-8-56","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Injury Increases Glutamate-Evoked Calcium Mobilization in Adult Spinal Cord Neurons","volume":"8","author":"Doolen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02899.2003","article-title":"Altered Expression and Uptake Activity of Spinal Glutamate Transporters after Nerve Injury Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic Pain in Rats","volume":"23","author":"Sung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08430.x","article-title":"Evidence That the Loss of the Voltage-Dependent Mg 2+ Block at the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Underlies Receptor Activation During Inhibition of Neuronal Metabolism","volume":"59","author":"Zeevalk","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.857","article-title":"Neuronal Apoptosis after CNS Injury: The Roles of Glutamate and Calcium","volume":"17","author":"Zipfel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5336.279","article-title":"Preserved Acute Pain and Reduced Neuropathic Pain in Mice Lacking PKC\u03b3","volume":"278","author":"Malmberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90193-D","article-title":"Differential Roles of NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptor Activation in Induction and Maintenance of Thermal Hyperalgesia in Rats with Painful Peripheral Mononeuropathy","volume":"598","author":"Mao","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1021\/jm060728b","article-title":"N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Antagonists and Neuropathic Pain: The Search for Relief","volume":"50","author":"Childers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Karunarathna, I., Kusumarathna, K., Jayathilaka, P., Kusumarathna, K., Gunarathna, I., Jayathilaka, P., Senarathna, R., Wijayawardana, K., Priyalath, N., and Karunananda, S. (2024). Ketamine: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions. Uva Clinical Lab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12033","article-title":"Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines, 4th Edition","volume":"14","author":"Harden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2034","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine and Its Metabolite, Norketamine, after Intravenous Administration of a Bolus of Ketamine to Isoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs","volume":"66","author":"Pypendop","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for Neuropathic Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.9.4926","article-title":"D -Serine Is an Endogenous Ligand for the Glycine Site of the N.-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor","volume":"97","author":"Mothet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.04.029","article-title":"Nonanesthetic Effects of Ketamine: A Review Article","volume":"131","author":"Eldufani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2003.tb00254.x","article-title":"The Neuropharmacological Basis for the Use of Memantine in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Rogawski","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174480691774968","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806917749683","article-title":"A Comparison of Early and Late Treatments on Allodynia and Its Chronification in Experimental Neuropathic Pain","volume":"14","author":"Salvat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-000013","article-title":"Efficacy of the Ketamine Metabolite (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in Mice Models of Pain","volume":"44","author":"Kroin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humo, M., Ayazg\u00f6k, B., Becker, L.J., Waltisperger, E., Rantam\u00e4ki, T., and Yalcin, I. (2020). Ketamine Induces Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant-like Effects in Chronic Pain Induced Depression: Role of MAPK Signaling Pathway. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 100.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109898"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tai, W.L., Sun, L., Li, H., Gu, P., Joosten, E.A., and Cheung, C.W. (2021). Additive Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Ketamine on Neuropathic Pain Relief by Reducing Glutamatergic Activation in Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.635187"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-022-00243-z","article-title":"S-Ketamine Promotes Autophagy and Alleviates Neuropathic Pain by Inhibiting PI3K\/Akt\/MTOR Signaling Pathway","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2015.02.006","article-title":"Is Magnesium Sulfate Effective for Pain in Chronic Postherpetic Neuralgia Patients Comparing with Ketamine Infusion Therapy?","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"9375910","article-title":"Case Report of Subanesthetic Intravenous Ketamine Infusion for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain and Depression with Suicidal Features in a Pediatric Patient","volume":"2018","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2023","article-title":"Continuous Dentoalveolar Neuropathic Pain Response to Repeated Intravenous Ketamine Infusions: A Case Report","volume":"32","author":"Lindroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002417","article-title":"Brain Dynamics and Temporal Summation of Pain Predicts Neuropathic Pain Relief from Ketamine Infusion","volume":"129","author":"Bosma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1507","article-title":"Perioperative Intravenous Low-dose Ketamine for Neuropathic Pain after Major Lower Back Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study","volume":"24","author":"Czarnetzki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003345","article-title":"Ketamine and Magnesium for Refractory Neuropathic Pain","volume":"133","author":"Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"207","article-title":"Management of Neuropathic Chronic Pain with Methadone Combined with Ketamine: A Randomized, Double Blind, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Rigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S207350","article-title":"Dextromethorphan and Memantine after Ketamine Analgesia: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0131","article-title":"Oral Ketamine vs. Placebo in Patients with Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain","volume":"4","author":"Fallon","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"517","article-title":"Topical Ketamine 10% for Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury Patients: An Open-Label Trial","volume":"20","author":"Rabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Compd."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/09699260.2021.1922146","article-title":"The Impact of a Standardised Ketamine Step Protocol for Cancer Neuropathic Pain","volume":"30","author":"Yee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.07.026","article-title":"Respective Pharmacological Features of Neuropathic-like Pain Evoked by Intrathecal BDNF versus Sciatic Nerve Ligation in Rats","volume":"25","author":"Tromilin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12735","article-title":"Long-Term Antihyperalgesic and Opioid-Sparing Effects of 5-Day Ketamine and Morphine Infusion (\u201cBurst Ketamine\u201d) in Diabetic Neuropathic Rats","volume":"16","author":"Mak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1973","article-title":"Analgesic Effects of Intranasal Ketamine in Rat Models of Facial Pain","volume":"32","author":"Claudino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/94143","article-title":"Study of Antinociceptive Effect of Ketamine in Acute and Neuropathic Pain Models in Rats","volume":"28","author":"Doncheva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001045","article-title":"Ketamine Differentially Restores Diverse Alterations of Neuroligins in Brain Regions in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain-Induced Depression","volume":"29","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2019.17.2.189","article-title":"Abnormalities in Inflammatory Cytokines Confer Susceptible to Chronic Neuropathic Pain-Related Anhedonia in a Rat Model of Spared Nerve Injury","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934841","article-title":"Response after Repeated Ketamine Injections in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, E.-H., Piao, L., Cho, E.-H., Hong, S.-W., and Kim, S.-H. (2023). The Effect of Ketamine on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Rats with Neuropathic Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065336"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2023.111242","article-title":"Maintenance of Antidepressant Effect by Dextromethorphan in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Depression Who Respond to Ketamine Intervention","volume":"182","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.075093","article-title":"Effect of Dextrometorphan and Dextrorphan on Nicotine and Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: In Vitro and in Vivo Selectivity","volume":"312","author":"Damaj","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3180f60bd8","article-title":"Dextromethorphan as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent with Unique Mechanisms of Action","volume":"13","author":"Werling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91474-F","article-title":"Non-Opioid Antitussives Inhibit Endogenous Glutamate Release from Rabbit Hippocampal Slices","volume":"564","author":"Annels","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(96)00160-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective and Anti-Amnesic Potentials of Sigma (\u03c3) Receptor Ligands","volume":"21","author":"Maurice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e080500","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-080500","article-title":"Repurposing of Dextromethorphan as an Adjunct Therapy in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomised, Group Sequential Adaptive Design, Controlled Clinical Trial Protocol","volume":"14","author":"Maji","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23634","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c01219","article-title":"Tinospora Cordifolia Extract Enhances Dextromethorphan Bioavailability: Implications for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Majhi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709789057635","article-title":"Substrates, Inducers, Inhibitors and Structure-Activity Relationships of Human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and Implications in Drug Development","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Journey, J.D., Agrawal, S., and Stern, E. (2023). Dextromethorphan Toxicity. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90070-9","article-title":"Dextrorphan and Dextromethorphan Attenuate Glutamate Neurotoxicity","volume":"403","author":"Choi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb05972.x","article-title":"Dextromethorphan: Cellular Effects Reducing Neuronal Hyperactivity","volume":"35","author":"Trube","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360619","article-title":"High-dose Dextromethorphan in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Phase I Safety and Pharmacokinetic Studies","volume":"36","author":"Hollander","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6547.597","article-title":"Dependence on Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide","volume":"293","author":"Fleming","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(96)90056-9","article-title":"The Influence of CYP2D6 Polymorphism and Quinidine on the Disposition and Antitussive Effect of Dextromethorphan in Humans*","volume":"60","author":"Capon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2018.6.17","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of tramadol and dextromethorphan on vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy in rats","volume":"66","author":"Velescu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114318","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.114318","article-title":"The Effect of Intrathecal Injection of Dextromethorphan on the Experimental Neuropathic Pain Model","volume":"11","author":"Fahmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, P.-P., Yeh, G.-C., Huang, E.Y.-K., Law, P.-Y., Loh, H.H., and Tao, P.-L. (2015). Effects of Dextromethorphan and Oxycodone on Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Mice. J. Biomed. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0186-3"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0083","article-title":"Gabapentin and NMDA Receptor Antagonists Interacts Synergistically to Alleviate Allodynia in Two Rat Models of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"18","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002736","article-title":"Dextromethorphan Analgesia in a Human Experimental Model of Hyperalgesia","volume":"131","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1311","article-title":"Memantine Hydrochloride","volume":"3","author":"Witt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.11.31","article-title":"Memantine: A Treatment for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease with a New Formulation","volume":"7","author":"Makino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109737","article-title":"Memantine: Updating a Rare Success Story in pro-Cognitive Therapeutics","volume":"244","author":"Parsons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00618-2","article-title":"Expanding Role of NMDA Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Pain","volume":"33","author":"Kreutzwiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8172","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5619","article-title":"A Phase II Single-arm Trial of Memantine for Prevention of Cognitive Decline during Chemotherapy in Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Feasibility, Tolerability, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effects","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.11.002","article-title":"A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled withdrawal Trial Comparing Memantine and Antipsychotics for the Long-Term Treatment of Function and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in People with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (MAIN-AD)","volume":"16","author":"Ballard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"809","article-title":"The Antihyperalgic Effect of Memantine in a Rat Model of Paclitaxel Induced Neuropathic Pain","volume":"64","author":"Ciotu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alomar, S.Y., El Gheit, R.E.A., Enan, E.T., El-Bayoumi, K.S., Shoaeir, M.Z., Elkazaz, A.Y., Al Thagfan, S.S., Zaitone, S.A., and El-Sayed, R.M. (2021). Novel Mechanism for Memantine in Attenuating Diabetic Neuropathic Pain in Mice via Downregulating the Spinal HMGB1\/TRL4\/NF-KB Inflammatory Axis. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040307"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5455\/NYS.20150330015804","article-title":"The Presentation of Therapeutic Effect Of Memantine in Sepsis Induced Critical Illness Polyneuropathy","volume":"53","author":"Solmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yeni Symp."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-019-01161-z","article-title":"Effect of Memantine Hydrochloride on Cisplatin-Induced Neurobehavioral Toxicity in Mice","volume":"120","author":"Salih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174480691983894","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806919838947","article-title":"Memantine Selectively Prevented the Induction of Dynamic Allodynia by Blocking Kir2.1 Channel and Inhibiting the Activation of Microglia in Spinal Dorsal Horn of Mice in Spared Nerve Injury Model","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effects of memantine on pain in patients with complex regional pain syndrome\u2014A retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Shareghi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Middle East J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morel, V., Joly, D., Villatte, C., Dubray, C., Durando, X., Daulhac, L., Coudert, C., Roux, D., Pereira, B., and Pickering, G. (2016). Memantine before Mastectomy Prevents Post-Surgery Pain: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial in Surgical Patients. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152741"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"205","article-title":"Memantine as a Potential Therapy in Subacute Herpetic Neuralgia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Shaseb","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Care"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791641231191093","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641231191093","article-title":"Management of Diabetic Neuropathy with Memantine: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4262-04.2005","article-title":"Amantadine Inhibits NMDA Receptors by Accelerating Channel Closure during Channel Block","volume":"25","author":"Blanpied","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes, P.E.B., Pinto, T.M., Corr\u00eaa, J.M.X., Niella, R.V., dos Anjos, C.M., de Oliveira, J.N.S., Marques, C.S.d.C., de Souza, S.S., da Silva, E.B., and de Lavor, M.S.L. (2024). Efficacy of Preemptive Analgesia with Amantadine for Controlling Postoperative Pain in Cats Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040643"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-024-03203-5","article-title":"Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms, Drugs, and Their Mode of Action in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD): A Review","volume":"33","author":"Saini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116172","article-title":"Tackling Influenza A Virus by M2 Ion Channel Blockers: Latest Progress and Limitations","volume":"267","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3276","article-title":"How PBPK Can Help to Understand Old Drugs and Inform Their Dosing in Elderly: Amantadine Case Study","volume":"116","author":"Shuklinova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Treatment of Influenza with Antiviral Drugs","volume":"168","author":"Stiver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J. CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13040075","article-title":"Myoclonus Secondary to Amantadine: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"13","author":"Rissardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harandi, A.A., Pakdaman, H., Medghalchi, A., Kimia, N., Kazemian, A., Siavoshi, F., Barough, S.S., Esfandani, A., Hosseini, M.H., and Sobhanian, S.A. (2024). A Randomized Open-Label Clinical Trial on the Effect of Amantadine on Post Covid 19 Fatigue. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51904-z"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1795","article-title":"Amantadine Prevented Hypersensitivity and Decreased Oxidative Stress by NMDA Receptor Antagonism after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"25","author":"Burelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"60","article-title":"N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists May Ameliorate Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress: An Experimental Study in Rats","volume":"30","author":"Dogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond, I.S.A., de Oliveira, J.N.S., Niella, R.V., Silva, \u00c1.J.C., de Oliveira, I.S., de Souza, S.S., da Costa Marques, C.S., Corr\u00eaa, J.M.X., Silva, J.F., and de Lavor, M.S.L. (2024). Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of Amantadine in a Vincristine-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Model in Rats. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131941"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.10.340","article-title":"Dopaminergic Medicines Are Drugs of Choice for Medicament-Resistant Facial Nerve Neuropathy","volume":"22","author":"Azimov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90202-X","article-title":"Valproic Acid Suppresses the Synaptic Response Mediated by the NMDA Receptors in Rat Amygdalar Slices","volume":"33","author":"Gean","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0317-3","article-title":"Sodium- and Magnesium-Valproate In Vivo Modulate Glutamatergic and GABAergic Synapses in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"185","author":"Gobbi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(96)00268-7","article-title":"The Effects of Anticonvulsant Drugs on NMDA-EPSP, AMPA-EPSP, and GABA-IPSP in the Rat Hippocampus","volume":"42","author":"Teyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(90)90262-3","article-title":"Differential Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs and \u03b2-Carbolines on Seizures Induced by Excitatory Amino Acids","volume":"39","author":"Turski","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90078-A","article-title":"Valproate Suppresses N-Methyl-d-Aspartate-Evoked, Transient Depolarizations in the Rat Neocortex in Vitro","volume":"544","author":"Zeise","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002130","article-title":"Metabonomic Analysis Identifies Molecular Changes Associated with the Pathophysiology and Drug Treatment of Bipolar Disorder","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.052","article-title":"Chronic Treatment with Mood Stabilizers Lithium and Valproate Prevents Excitotoxicity by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress in Rat Cerebral Cortical Cells","volume":"58","author":"Shao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9700-2","article-title":"Chronic Administration of Valproic Acid Reduces Brain NMDA Signaling via Arachidonic Acid in Unanesthetized Rats","volume":"33","author":"Basselin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093023050228","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Valproic Acid Action on Signalling Systems and Brain Functions","volume":"59","author":"Tursunov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00573-w","article-title":"The Effect of Valproate on the Amino Acids, Monoamines, and Kynurenic Acid Concentrations in Brain Structures Involved in Epileptogenesis in the Pentylenetetrazol-Kindled Rats","volume":"76","author":"Sobolewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198815060-00002","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Valproic Acid\u20141988","volume":"15","author":"Zaccara","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forrest, L.F., Smith, M., Quevedo, J., and Frey, B.N. (2020). Bipolar Disorder in Women: Menstrual Cycle, Perinatal Period, and Menopause Transition. Women\u2019s Mental Health, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29081-8_6"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2022.12.001","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacological Applications and Drug-Induced Toxicity of Valproic Acid","volume":"31","author":"Safdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J.-Y., Chu, L.-W., Cheng, K.-I., Hsieh, S.-L., Juan, Y.-S., and Wu, B.-N. (2018). Valproate Reduces Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Death in a Rat Chronic Constriction Injury Model. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34915-5"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.01.050","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Valproate Sodium on Pain Behavior in Diabetic Mice Involves Suppression of Spinal Histone Deacetylase 1 and Inflammatory Mediators","volume":"70","author":"Elsherbiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05551-7","article-title":"Microinjection of Valproic Acid into the Ventrolateral Orbital Cortex Exerts an Antinociceptive Effect in a Rat of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"237","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107332","article-title":"Valproic Acid Mitigates Spinal Nerve Ligation-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats by Modulating Microglial Function and Inhibiting Neuroinflammatory Response","volume":"92","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8953","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103125","article-title":"Valproic Acid-Labeled Chitosan Nanoparticles Promote Recovery of Neuronal Injury after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.37796\/2211-8039.1039","article-title":"Evaluation of Sodium Valproate Low Dose Efficacy in Radicular Pain Management and It\u2019s Relation with Pharmacokinetics Parameters","volume":"10","author":"Ghasemian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00304-y","article-title":"Valproic Acid Labeled Chitosan Nanoparticles Promote the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells after Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(94)80037-5","article-title":"Comparative Effects of Felbamate and Other Compounds on N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid-Induced Convulsions and Lethality in Mice","volume":"29","author":"Sofia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00058-1","article-title":"Carbamazepine Inhibits L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons Stimulated with Glutamate Receptor Agonists","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001087","article-title":"Antiepileptic Drugs and Agents That Inhibit Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Prevent NMDA Antagonist Neurotoxicity","volume":"7","author":"Farber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199009000-00008","article-title":"Carbamazepine Blocks NMDA-Activated Currents in Cultured Spinal Cord Neurons","volume":"1","author":"Lampe","year":"1990","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v13.i11.816","article-title":"Management of Acute Carbamazepine Poisoning: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.51.6.1077","article-title":"Carbamazepine Inhibition of Neuronal Na + Currents: Quantitative Distinction from Phenytoin and Possible Therapeutic Implications","volume":"51","author":"Kuo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Maan, J.S., Duong, T.v.H., and Saadabadi, A. (2024, July 15). Carbamazepine, StatPearls, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482455."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2472-095X.1000112","article-title":"Bipolar Disorders and Carbamazepine: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Therapeutic Effects and Indications of Carbamazepine: Review of Articles","volume":"1","author":"Ayano","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychopharmacol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106707","article-title":"Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Predict Maternal Pharmacokinetics and Fetal Carbamazepine Exposure during Pregnancy","volume":"194","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhr, L.M., Marok, F.Z., Hanke, N., Selzer, D., and Lehr, T. (2021). Pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 and CYP2B6 Inducer Carbamazepine and Its Drug\u2013Drug Interaction Potential: A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020270"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2024235","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Carbamazepine in the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Metanalysis in Biomedicine","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(97)00406-9","article-title":"Side Effects from Increased Doses of Carbamazepine on Neuropsychological and Posturographic Parameters of Humans","volume":"7","author":"Delcker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18203\/2319-2003.ijbcp20160078","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Anti-Nociceptive Potential of Duloxetine and Carbamazepine in an Animal Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"5","author":"Kohli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Basic Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v15i6.11","article-title":"Analgesic Synergism of Gabapentin and Carbamazepine in Rat Model of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain","volume":"15","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12705","article-title":"Opiate-Free Pain Therapy Using Carbamazepine-Loaded Microparticles Provides Up to 2 Weeks of Pain Relief in a Neuropathic Pain Model","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Antihyperalgesic Effects of Gabapentinoids, Carbamazepine and Its Keto Analogue, Oxcarbazepine, in Capsaicin-Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia","volume":"7","author":"Bektas","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S124526","article-title":"Differential Drug Effects on Spontaneous and Evoked Pain Behavior in a Model of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain","volume":"10","author":"Deseure","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5481.210","article-title":"Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia with Carbamazepine: A Follow-up Study","volume":"1","author":"Graham","year":"1966","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-017-0087-0","article-title":"A Review of Neuropathic Pain: From Guidelines to Clinical Practice","volume":"6","author":"Cruccu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effectiveness of carbamazepine versus oxcarbazepine in the management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"6","author":"Shafiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Khyber Coll. Dent."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"55","article-title":"Efficacy of Carbamazepine and Oxcarbazepine for Treating Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"3","author":"Iqbal","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_75_18","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Carbamazepine and Gabapentin in the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Clinical Study","volume":"30","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Indian Acad. Oral Med. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"38","article-title":"Comparison of Carbamazepine and Gabapentin in Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia-A Clinical Study","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/njs.NJS_8_18","article-title":"A Clinical Study on Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Carbamazepine and Combination of Carbamazepine with Baclofen or Capsaicin in the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"24","author":"Puri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"190","article-title":"Comparison of Amitriptyline and Carbamazepine Effectiveness in the Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia","volume":"33","author":"Mehran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.22452\/adum.vol23no2.3","article-title":"Evaluation of Carbamazepine Pharmacotherapy In Patients With Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"23","author":"Syed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dent."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.51253\/pafmj.v71i4.6083","article-title":"Comparison of effectiveness of carbamazepine versus topiramate for the management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"71","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pak. Armed Forces Med. J. PAFMJ"},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"218","article-title":"Phenytoin Blocks N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Responses of Mouse Central Neurons","volume":"267","author":"Wamil","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90472-3","article-title":"Antiepileptics Inhibit Cortical N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Evoked [3H]Norepinephrine Efflux","volume":"254","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(92)90019-L","article-title":"Modulation of Release of Acetylcholine from the Striatum by a Proposed Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonist U-54494A: Comparison with Known Antagonists, Diazepam and Phenytoin","volume":"31","author":"Sethy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(95)02041-1","article-title":"The Effects of Anticonvulsant Drugs on Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in the Rat Hippocampus","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1993.1022","article-title":"Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal CA1: Effects of Afterdischarges, NMDA Antagonists, and Anticonvulsants","volume":"119","author":"Leung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luke, M. (2024). Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Classical and Newer Anticonvulsants. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-18649-3.00020-3"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"33","article-title":"Association between CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Polymorphism, Metabolism, and Neurotoxicity after Administration of Phenytoin: A Systematic Review","volume":"5","author":"Mardhiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Keluwih J. Kesehat. Dan Kedokt."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610030403","article-title":"Phenytoin: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"70","article-title":"Phenytoin toxicity and it\u2019s management\u2014A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Ujefa","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocot-K\u0119pska, M., Pawlik, K., Ciapa\u0142a, K., Makuch, W., Zaj\u0105czkowska, R., Dobrogowski, J., Przeklasa-Muszy\u0144ska, A., and Mika, J. (2023). Phenytoin Decreases Pain-like Behaviors and Improves Opioid Analgesia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060858"},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"Hesari, F., Fereidoni, M., Moghimi, A., Abdolmaleki, A., and Ghayour, M.B. (2016, January 7\u20139). Phenytoin Intraperitoneal Administration Effects on Neuropathic Pain Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury in Male Rats. Proceedings of the 5th Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Congress 2016, Tehran, Iran."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13963","article-title":"Trigeminal Neuralgia Crisis\u2014Intravenous Phenytoin as Acute Rescue Treatment","volume":"60","author":"Schnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285615583202","article-title":"Intravenous Fosphenytoin for Acute Exacerbation of Trigeminal Neuralgia: Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"8","author":"Vargas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical Phenytoin in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Rationale to Select a Non-Selective Sodium Channel Blocker","volume":"3","author":"Hesselink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"245","article-title":"The Individualized N-of-1 Trial: Dose-Response in a Single-Blind Cross-Over Response Test of Phenytoin 10% and 30% Cream in Neuropathic Pain","volume":"4","author":"Kopsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"EC Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"15","article-title":"Topical Phenytoin Cream in Small Fiber Neuropathic Pain: Fast Onset of Perceptible Pain Relief","volume":"1","author":"Hesselink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Relief"},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1","article-title":"Topical Phenytoin Cream Reduces Burning Pain Due to Small Fiber Neuropathy in Sarcoidosis Case Report","volume":"2","author":"Kopsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"2","article-title":"Burning Pain in Small Fibre Neuropathy Treated with Topical Phenytoin: Rationale and Case Presentations","volume":"4","author":"Kopsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S243434","article-title":"Usefulness of a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Response Test to Demonstrate Rapid Onset Analgesia with Phenytoin 10% Cream in Polyneuropathy","volume":"13","author":"Kopsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S129749","article-title":"Topical Phenytoin for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"10","author":"Kopsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"007","DOI":"10.17352\/ojpm.000008","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain Due to Chronic Idiopathic Axonal Neuropathy: Fast Pain Reduction after Topical Phenytoin Cream Application","volume":"2","author":"Kopsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopsky, D., and Keppel Hesselink, J. (2018). Phenytoin Cream for the Treatment for Neuropathic Pain: Case Series. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11020053"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopsky, D., and Keppel Hesselink, J. (2018). Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Response Test with Phenytoin 10% Cream in Neuropathic Pain Patients. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040122"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(93)90147-A","article-title":"Inhibition by Riluzole of Electrophysiological Responses Mediated by Rat Kainate and NMDA Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes","volume":"235","author":"Debono","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.10.020","article-title":"Riluzole Attenuates Neuropathic Pain and Enhances Functional Recovery in a Rodent Model of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy","volume":"62","author":"Moon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710791163939","article-title":"Riluzole, Neuroprotection and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Cheah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390203","article-title":"Benefit of Vitamin E, Riluzole, and Gababapentin in a Transgenic Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Gurney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.6_Suppl_4.233S","article-title":"The Pharmacology and Mechanism of Action of Riluzole","volume":"47","author":"Doble","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12955","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Riluzole in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"38","author":"Golmohammadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1248\/yakushi.20-00015","article-title":"Liver Injury Risk Factors in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Treated with Riluzole","volume":"140","author":"Kawano","year":"2020","journal-title":"YAKUGAKU ZASSHI"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316ra194","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac6524","article-title":"Riluzole Blocks Perioperative Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Enhances Postdecompression Outcomes in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy","volume":"7","author":"Karadimas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.065","article-title":"Effects of Riluzole on P2 \u00d7 7R Expression in the Spinal Cord in Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"618","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, S., Ushio, S., Egashira, N., Kawashiri, T., Mitsuyasu, S., Higuchi, H., Ozawa, N., Masuguchi, K., Ono, Y., and Masuda, S. (2017). Excessive Spinal Glutamate Transmission Is Involved in Oxaliplatin-Induced Mechanical Allodynia: A Possibility for Riluzole as a Prophylactic Drug. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08891-1"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.07.026","article-title":"Targeting the TREK-1 Potassium Channel via Riluzole to Eliminate the Neuropathic and Depressive-like Effects of Oxaliplatin","volume":"140","author":"Poupon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2018.10.006","article-title":"Riluzole Prevents Oxaliplatin-Induced Cold Allodynia via Inhibition of Overexpression of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8 in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S169686","article-title":"Riluzole Induces LTD of Spinal Nociceptive Signaling via Postsynaptic GluR2 Receptors","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taiji, R., Yamanaka, M., Taniguchi, W., Nishio, N., Tsutsui, S., Nakatsuka, T., and Yamada, H. (2021). Anti-Allodynic and Promotive Effect on Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission of Riluzole in Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn. Biochem. Biophys. Rep., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2021.101130"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.06.015","article-title":"Small Conductance Calcium Activated Potassium (SK) Channel Dependent and Independent Effects of Riluzole on Neuropathic Pain-Related Amygdala Activity and Behaviors in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.10.067","article-title":"Association of Riluzole and Dantrolene Improves Significant Recovery after Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats","volume":"18","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134829","article-title":"Riluzole Improves Functional Recovery after Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Rats and May Be Associated with Changes in Spinal Microglia\/Macrophages Polarization","volume":"723","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b21-00693","article-title":"Riluzole Promotes Neurite Growth in Rats after Spinal Cord Injury through the GSK-3\u03b2\/CRMP-2 Pathway","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-016-0691-4","article-title":"The Effect of Riluzole on Functional Recovery of Locomotion in the Rat Sciatic Nerve Crush Model","volume":"43","author":"Ghayour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.103925","article-title":"Efficacy of Fluoxetine, Riluzole and Amiloride in Treating Neuropathic Pain Associated with Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Pre-Specified Analysis of the MS-SMART Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"63","author":"Foley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-022-00758-6","article-title":"The Role of Riluzole in Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury with Incomplete Neurological Deficit: A Prospective, Randomised Controlled Study","volume":"56","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05591-x","article-title":"Neu-Horizons: Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Use of Riluzole for the Prevention of Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy\u2014A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"29","author":"Trinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-021-01947-y","article-title":"A Single Administration of Riluzole Applied Acutely after Spinal Cord Injury Attenuates Pro-Inflammatory Activity and Improves Long-Term Functional Recovery in Rats","volume":"72","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_209","first-page":"579","article-title":"Levorphanol versus Methadone Use: Safety Considerations","volume":"9","author":"Haider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"713","article-title":"Printedin USA. Dextrorphan and Levorphanol Selectively Block N-Methyl-D.-Aspartate Receptor-Mediated Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons","volume":"242","author":"Choi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90755-1","article-title":"Differential Effects of Dextrorphan and Levorphanol on the Excitation of Rat Spinal Neurons by Amino Acids","volume":"111","author":"Church","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12795","article-title":"Is Levorphanol a Better Option than Methadone?","volume":"16","author":"Pham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021420","article-title":"Oral Opioid Therapy for Chronic Peripheral and Central Neuropathic Pain","volume":"348","author":"Rowbotham","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Serotonin and Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibiting Activity of Centrally Acting Analgesics: Structural Determinants and Role in Antinociception","volume":"274","author":"Codd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2016.1128308","article-title":"Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future","volume":"128","author":"Gudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2023.01.013","article-title":"Levorphanol as a Second Line Opioid in Cancer Patients Presenting to an Outpatient Supportive Care Center: An Open-Label Study","volume":"65","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0475","article-title":"Levorphanol for Treatment of Intractable Neuropathic Pain in Cancer Patients","volume":"21","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241140-00003","article-title":"Interindividual Variability of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Methadone","volume":"41","author":"Eap","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2018.08.025","article-title":"Methadone Metabolism and Drug-Drug Interactions: In Vitro and In Vivo Literature Review","volume":"107","author":"Volpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14584","article-title":"What We Know and What We Don\u2019t Know about the Perioperative Use of Methadone in Children and Adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Ingelmo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.06.025","article-title":"Methadone Is Superior to Fentanyl in Treating Neuropathic Pain in Patients with Head-and-Neck Cancer","volume":"65","author":"Haumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2015.0303","article-title":"A Retrospective Study on the Effectiveness of Switching to Oral Methadone for Relieving Severe Cancer-Related Neuropathic Pain and Limiting Adjuvant Analgesic Use in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2017.0098","article-title":"Very-Low-Dose Methadone To Treat Refractory Neuropathic Pain in Children with Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Madden","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-1455","article-title":"Combination Therapy with Methadone and Duloxetine for Cancer-Related Pain: A Retrospective Study","volume":"10","author":"Curry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/08258597211016564","article-title":"Oral Methadone for Patients with Neuropathic Pain Due to Neoplastic Brachial Plexopathy","volume":"37","author":"Matsuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e273","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2021-003220","article-title":"Methadone and Neuropathic Cancer Pain Subcomponents: A Prospective Cohort Pilot Study","volume":"13","author":"Fawoubo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.25259\/IJPC_58_2022","article-title":"Oral Methadone versus Morphine IR for Patients with Cervical Cancer and Neuropathic Pain: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"29","author":"Adumala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0246","article-title":"Use of Methadone as an Adjuvant Medication to Low-Dose Opioids for Neuropathic Pain in the Frail Elderly: A Case Series","volume":"19","author":"Bach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25392","article-title":"Extreme Doses of Intravenous Methadone for Severe Pain in Two Children with Cancer","volume":"62","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2019.1660575","article-title":"Methadone vs. Morphine SR for Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial and the Challenges in Recruitment","volume":"3","author":"Lynch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Pain"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/20\/11111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:14:29Z","timestamp":1760112869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/20\/11111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":230,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252011111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252011111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]}}}