{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:09Z","timestamp":1787028549940,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POIG.01.04.00-14-019\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIG.01.04.00-14-019\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPMA.01.02.00-14-5626\/16-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPMA.01.02.00-14-5626\/16-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Masovian district","award":["POIG.01.04.00-14-019\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POIG.01.04.00-14-019\/12"]}]},{"name":"Masovian district","award":["RPMA.01.02.00-14-5626\/16-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPMA.01.02.00-14-5626\/16-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzyl alcohol (E1519) is an aromatic alcohol used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. It is used to protect food products against microorganisms during storage, as a flavoring in the production of chocolate and confectionery products, as an important ingredient in fragrance, and as a preservative in medical products. However, little is known of its effect on insects. The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of benzyl alcohol on the defense systems of the wax moth Galleria mellonella, i.e., its cuticular lipid composition and critical elements of its immune system. A gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry (GC\/MS) analysis found benzyl alcohol treatment to elicit significant quantitative and qualitative differences in cuticular free fatty acid (FFA) profiles. Our findings indicate that benzyl alcohol treatment increased the levels of HSP70 and HSP90 and decreased those of HSF1, histamine, and cysteinyl leukotriene. Benzyl alcohol application also increased dismutase level in the hemolymph and lowered those of catalase and 8-OHdG. The treatment also had negative effects on G. mellonella hemocytes and a Sf9 cell line in vitro: 48-h treatment resulted in morphological changes, with the remaining cells being clearly spindle-shaped with numerous granules. The high insecticidal activity of compound and its lack of toxicity towards vertebrates suggest it could be an effective insecticide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T05:03:49Z","timestamp":1729227829000},"page":"11209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of Benzyl Alcohol on Main Defense System Components of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Michalina","family":"Kazek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Centre of Advanced Materials and Technology CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7319-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51\/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5171-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Wro\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51\/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-2335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieczys\u0142awa I.","family":"Bogu\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51\/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland"},{"name":"BIOMIBO, ul. Strzyg\u0142owska 15, 04-872 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2004.05.006","article-title":"Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle","volume":"33","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. 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