{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:32:07Z","timestamp":1786537927276,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cough is one of the most common reasons leading to pediatric consultations, negatively impacting the quality of life of patients and caregivers. It is defined as a sudden and forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth, typically triggered by irritation or the stimulation of sensory nerves in the respiratory tract. This reflex is controlled by a neural pathway that includes sensory receptors, afferent nerves, the brainstem\u2019s cough center, efferent nerves, and the muscles involved in coughing. Based on its duration, cough in children may be classified as acute, lasting less than four weeks, and chronic, persisting for more than four weeks. Neuromodulators have shown promise in reducing the frequency and severity of cough by modulating the neural pathways involved in the cough reflex, although they require careful monitoring and patient selection to optimize the outcomes. This review aims to examine the rationale for using neuromodulators in the management of cough in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1729483029000},"page":"11229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neuromodulators in Acute and Chronic Cough in Children: An Update from the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7084-5605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Foti Randazzese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gambadauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"La Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Altavilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariagrazia","family":"Carlino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Caminiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2019.1135","article-title":"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection-Associated Acute Cough and the Urge to Cough: New Insights for Clinical Practice","volume":"33","author":"Murgia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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