{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:39Z","timestamp":1790803599262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,19]],"date-time":"2024-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cPublication of this paper was supported by the University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d through the institutional program Publish not Perish\u201d","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies underscore the role of gut and oral microbiota in influencing neuroinflammation through the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis, including in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of recent findings on the involvement of gut and oral microbiota in the neuroinflammatory processes associated with AD, emphasizing novel insights and therapeutic implications. This review reveals that dysbiosis in AD patients\u2019 gut and oral microbiota is linked to heightened peripheral and central inflammatory responses. Specific bacterial taxa, such as Bacteroides and Firmicutes in the gut, as well as Porphyromonas gingivalis in the oral cavity, are notably altered in AD, leading to significant changes in microglial activation and cytokine production. Gut microbiota alterations are associated with increased intestinal permeability, facilitating the translocation of endotoxins like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the bloodstream and exacerbating neuroinflammation by activating the brain\u2019s toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways. Furthermore, microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amyloid peptides, can cross the blood-brain barrier and modulate neuroinflammatory responses. While microbial amyloids may contribute to amyloid-beta aggregation in the brain, certain SCFAs like butyrate exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to mitigate neuroinflammation. This review not only highlights the critical role of microbiota in AD pathology but also offers a ray of hope by suggesting that modulating gut and oral microbiota could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing neuroinflammation and slowing disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1729483029000},"page":"11272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Novelties on Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2013Focus on Gut and Oral Microbiota Involvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Popescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, 020022 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-7710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin","family":"Munteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Bistriceanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, 020022 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai","family":"B\u0103il\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cCarol Davila\u201d, 020022 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Clinical Emergency Hospital \u201cBagdasar-Arseni\u201d, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxandra-Luciana","family":"Postoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and 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