{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:16:18Z","timestamp":1789769778093,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental and industrial agents that interfere with hormonal functions. EDC exposure is linked to various endocrine diseases, especially in reproduction, although the mechanisms remain unclear and effects vary among individuals. Neuroinflammation, particularly hypothalamic inflammation, is an emerging research area with implications for endocrine-related diseases like obesity. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction, and its inflammation can adversely affect reproductive health. EDCs can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, potentially causing hypothalamic inflammation and disrupting the reproductive axis. This review examines the existing literature on EDC-mediated hypothalamic inflammation. Our findings suggest that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), tributyltin (TBT), phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in animals is linked to hypothalamic inflammation, specifically affecting the hypothalamic centers of the gonadotropic axis. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on this topic, indicating hypothalamic inflammation as a possible mediator between EDC exposure and reproductive dysfunction. Further human studies are needed to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies against EDC exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1729577485000},"page":"11344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Galateia","family":"Stathori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Hatziagapiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, ENDO-ERN Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Disorders, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos F.","family":"Vlahos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0851-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Charmandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Valsamakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aretaieion\u2019 University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111415","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities","volume":"539","author":"Varticovski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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