{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:27:27Z","timestamp":1787614047157,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK116591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK116591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension has been a threat to the health of people, the mechanism of which, however, remains poorly understood. It is clinically related to loss of nephron function, glomerular sclerosis, or necrosis, resulting in renal functional declines. The mechanisms underlying hypertension\u2019s development and progression to organ damage, including hypertensive renal damage, remain to be fully elucidated. As a developing approach, epigenetics has been postulated to elucidate the phenomena that otherwise cannot be explained by genetic studies. The main epigenetic hallmarks, such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, deacetylation, noncoding RNAs, and protein N-homocysteinylation have been linked with hypertension. In addition to contributing to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, biologically active gases, including NO, CO, and H2S, are crucial regulators contributing to vascular remodeling since their complex interplay conducts homeostatic functions in the renovascular system. Importantly, epigenetic modifications also directly contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney damage via protein N-homocysteinylation. Hence, epigenetic modulation to intervene in renovascular damage is a potential therapeutic approach to treat renal disease and dysfunction. This review illustrates some of the epigenetic hallmarks and their mediators, which have the ability to diminish the injury triggered by hypertension and renal disease. In the end, we provide potential therapeutic possibilities to treat renovascular diseases in hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T04:51:33Z","timestamp":1730177493000},"page":"11599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Epigenetic DNA Methylation and Protein Homocysteinylation: Key Players in Hypertensive Renovascular Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathnur","family":"Pushpakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hebah","family":"Almarshood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapan K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0600-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Utpal","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e13","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchy.2020.100044","article-title":"Prevalence and control rates of hypertension in the USA: 2017\u20132018","volume":"6","author":"Chobufo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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