{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:40:47Z","timestamp":1763059247659,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU funding for the MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007, INF-ACT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a flow cytometry (FC) assay enabling the rapid and accurate identification of bacterial and viral infections using whole blood samples. The streamlined flow cytometry assay is designed to be user-friendly, making it accessible even for operators with limited experience in FC techniques. The key components of the assay focus on the expression levels of specific surface markers\u2014CD64 on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as a marker for bacterial infection, and CD169 on monocytes (MO) for viral infection. The strong performance indicated by an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.94 for both PMN CD64 positive predictive value (PPV) 97.96% and negative predictive value (NPV) 76.67%, and MO CD169 PPV 82.6% and NPV 86.9%, highlight the assay\u2019s robustness in differentiating between bacterial and viral infections accurately. The FC assay includes the assessment of immune system status through HLA-DR and IL-1R2 modulation in MO, providing a useful insight into the patients\u2019 immune response. The significant increase in the frequency of MO exhibiting reduced HLA-DR expression and elevated IL-1R2 levels in infected patients (compared to healthy controls) underscores the potential of these markers as indicators of infection severity. Although the overall correlation between HLA-DR and IL-1R2 expression levels was not significant across all patients, there was a trend in patients with more severe disease suggesting that these markers may have the potential to assist in stratifying patient risk. The present FC assay has the potential to become routine in the clinical microbiology laboratory community and to be helpful in guiding clinical decision making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T12:09:18Z","timestamp":1730203758000},"page":"11632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Easy-to-Perform Flow Cytometry Assay for Determining Bacterial- and Viral-Infection-Induced Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil and Monocyte Membrane Marker Modulation in Febrile Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marilena","family":"La Sorda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desy","family":"De Lorenzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Fiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalia","family":"Graffeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"D\u2019Inzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennaro","family":"De Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Schinzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina Rose","family":"Pedone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9780-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Sanguinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-2990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Sali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fattorossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oncology and Flow Cytometry, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit278","article-title":"A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: 2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)","volume":"57","author":"Baron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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