{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T20:22:56Z","timestamp":1785010976153,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary","award":["TKP2021-EGA-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Natural autoantibodies (natAAbs) react with evolutionarily conserved antigens but they do not lead to pathological tissue destruction, contrary to pathological autoantibodies (pathAAbs). NatAAbs usually belong to the IgM isotype, and their network, also known as the \u201cimmunological homunculus\u201d, is thought to play a role in immunological tolerance. NatAAbs are produced by B1 cells found mostly on the serosa surfaces or the spleen. The exact relation between natAAbs and pathAAbs is still not completely understood. The recombinant human proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan G1 domain (rhG1)-induced arthritis (GIA) is an excellent mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis because it represents most of the clinical, immunological and laboratory parameters of the corresponding human pathology. Recently, we studied the role of the spleen in GIA, and found that a splenectomy modified the development of autoimmunity. To further characterize the possible role of the nAAb levels in tolerance and autoimmunity, in the present study, we set out to measure the nat- and pathAAb levels in GIA. We analyzed the natAAb levels in the serum against cartilage PG aggrecan, Hsp60 and Hsp70, and the mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) antigens in healthy control and arthritic mice. Furthermore, we studied whether the splenectomy influenced the production of nat- and pathAAbs in mice with GIA. Our results show that the natAAb levels against PG aggrecan, Hsp60, Hsp70 and CS showed age-related variations in healthy BALB\/c mice. The induction of autoimmune arthritis did not change the levels of the measured natAAbs significantly. Splenectomy, on the other hand, clearly decreased the levels of all the measured natAAbs. Interestingly, the levels of the pathAAbs showed the opposite change: they were higher in the splenectomized group than in the control arthritic mice. Based on these results, we conclude that the spleen plays a role in setting the balance between nat- and pathAAbs in autoimmune arthritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T06:55:37Z","timestamp":1730357737000},"page":"11683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Spleen Modulates the Balance of Natural and Pathological Autoantibodies in a Mouse Model of Autoimmune Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Katalin","family":"Olasz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szonja","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5260-7937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esam","family":"Khanfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5749-4775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentagothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, 7622 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Berki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-1018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"Boldizs\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-8411(88)90044-3","article-title":"Autoimmunity: The moving boundaries between physiology and pathology","volume":"1","author":"Huetz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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