{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1767829176142,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]],"date-time":"2024-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#202208170027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#202208170027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) is a significant global health issue, contributing to disability and socioeconomic burdens worldwide. The degeneration of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of LBP. Recent studies have emphasized the significance of a specific set of genes and extracellular matrix (ECM) in IVD health. In particular, Noggin has emerged as a critical gene due to its high expression levels in healthy nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) observed in our previous research. In this study, it was hypothesized that decreased Noggin expression in NPCs is associated with IVD degeneration and contributes to LBP development. A lentivirus-mediated RNAi was applied to knock down Noggin expression in primary NPCs from six human donors. The NPCs after transduction were evaluated through cell viability analysis, XTT assay, and cell apoptosis analyses. After two weeks, a colony formation assay was used to examine the anchor-independent growth ability of transduced cells. At the transcript level, anabolic and catabolic markers were quantified using RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that lentivirus-mediated downregulation of Noggin significantly inhibited cell proliferation, reduced cell viability, and suppressed colony formation, while inducing apoptosis in human NPCs in vitro. Notably, it disrupted cellular anabolic processes and promoted catabolic activity in human NPCs post-transduction. Our findings indicated that the degeneration of human IVD is possibly related to decreased Noggin expression in NPCs. This research provides valuable insights into the role of Noggin in IVD homeostasis and its implications in LBP treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1730692654000},"page":"11803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Antagonist Noggin in Nucleus Pulposus Intervertebral Disc Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuimu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering for Orthopedics & Mechanobiology (TOM), Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-0610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Bigdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7512-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Riether","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaochi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonja","family":"H\u00e4ckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Health Sciences (GSH), University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9754-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AO Research Institute Davos, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9005-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Gantenbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Engineering for Orthopedics & Mechanobiology (TOM), Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"398","author":"Knezevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e305","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00133-9","article-title":"The global epidemic of low back pain","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0734","article-title":"US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016","volume":"323","author":"Dieleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00783-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and clinical implications of intervertebral disc calcification","volume":"18","author":"Zehra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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