{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:39:39Z","timestamp":1792057179158,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine Foundation","award":["1037116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037116"]}]},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Foundation","award":["1060508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1060508"]}]},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Foundation","award":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"]}]},{"name":"Fetal Medicine Foundation","award":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"]}]},{"name":"Tommy\u2019s (RT)","award":["1037116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037116"]}]},{"name":"Tommy\u2019s (RT)","award":["1060508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1060508"]}]},{"name":"Tommy\u2019s (RT)","award":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"]}]},{"name":"Tommy\u2019s (RT)","award":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 National Health Service Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London","award":["1037116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037116"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 National Health Service Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London","award":["1060508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1060508"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 National Health Service Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London","award":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 National Health Service Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London","award":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council (MRC)","award":["1037116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037116"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council (MRC)","award":["1060508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1060508"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council (MRC)","award":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215\u201320006"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council (MRC)","award":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-MR\/W006820\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), defined as live birth before 37 weeks of gestational age, is associated with immune dysregulation and pro-inflammatory conditions that profoundly impact newborn health. The question of immune integrity at the maternal-foetal interface is a focus of recent studies centring not only sPTB but the conditions often affiliated with this outcome. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical anti-inflammatory role in pregnancy, promoting foetal tolerance and placentation. Due to this gestational role, it is hypothesised that decreased or dysfunctional Tregs may be implicated in cases of sPTB. This review examines studies comparing Treg presence in healthy term pregnancies and those with sPTB-associated conditions. Conflicting findings across different conditions and within sPTB itself have been identified. However, notable findings from the research indicate increased proinflammatory cytokines in pregnancies suffering from premature rupture of membranes (pPROM), chorioamnionitis, infection, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes (GDM). Additionally, reduced Treg levels were identified in preeclampsia, GDM, and pPROM as well as chorioamnionitis presenting with increased Treg dysfunctionality. Treg deficiencies may contribute to health issues in preterm newborns. Current sPTB treatments are limited, underscoring the potential of in utero therapies targeting inflammation, including T cell interventions. Future research aims to establish consensus on the role of Tregs in sPTB and associated conditions and advancing understanding of mechanisms leading to Treg deficiencies in adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1730788248000},"page":"11878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Immunomodulatory Role of Regulatory T Cells in Preterm Birth and Associated Pregnancy Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Nicoleta","family":"Mureanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda M.","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imogen A.","family":"Porter-Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athina","family":"Efthymiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kypros H.","family":"Nicolaides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3942-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Scotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Tribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panicos","family":"Shangaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King\u2019s College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"},{"name":"Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1508","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2020\/e1508","article-title":"The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: Evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP)","volume":"75","author":"Tedesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13195","article-title":"Global burden of preterm birth","volume":"150","author":"Walani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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