{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:58:49Z","timestamp":1768445929284,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3230220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230220"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFF1101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101100"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22JCQNJC01350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JCQNJC01350"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["3230220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230220"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFF1101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101100"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program","award":["22JCQNJC01350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JCQNJC01350"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["3230220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230220"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFF1101100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1101100"]}]},{"name":"Youth Program of Tianjin Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22JCQNJC01350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JCQNJC01350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing efficient anti-microbials for thoroughly addressing Salmonella contamination is essential for the improvement of food safety. Phage-built materials have shown great potential for biocontrol in environments. Due to challenges in delivery and stability, their widespread use has remained unattainable. Here, we have developed a honeycomb film template-based method for the high-throughput preparation of phage microgels. The honeycomb film template can be simply fabricated in a humid chamber based on a well-established breath figure method. The bacteriophage microgels can be further manufactured by dropping a pre-gelation solution containing bacteriophages into a honeycomb film template. This method can produce over 210,000 phage microgels in every square centimeter template with each microgel containing 1.04 \u00d7 107 phages. They can kill 99.90% of the contaminated S. typhimurium 14,028 on chicken samples. This simple, heat-free, and solvent-free method can maintain the strong anti-bacterial efficiency of phages, which can expand the wide application of phage-built microgels for food decontamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T04:03:24Z","timestamp":1730865804000},"page":"11911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Honeycomb Film Template-Based Method for High-Throughput Preparation of Anti-Salmonella typhimurium 14,028 Phage Microgels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingtao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5048-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaxiong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilhan, H., Tayyarcan, E.K., Caglayan, M.G., Boyaci, I.H., Saglam, N., and Tamer, U. (2021). Replacement of antibodies with bacteriophages in lateral flow assay of Salmonella Enteritidis. Biosens. Bioelectron., 189.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113383"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakaria, Z., Hassan, L., Sharif, Z., Ahmad, N., Ali, R., Husin, S.A., Sohaimi, N.F.M., Bakar, S.A., and Garba, B. (2020). Analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from chickens and chicken meat products in Malaysia using PFGE, and MLST. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02605-y"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109089","article-title":"Hydrogen-bonded self-assembly coating as GRAS sprayable preservatives for fresh food safety","volume":"145","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12343","article-title":"Food packaging: A comprehensive review and future trends","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.114707","article-title":"Antibacterial \u03ba-carrageenan\/konjac glucomannan-based edible hydrogel film containing Salmonella phage PBSE191 and its application in chicken meat","volume":"180","author":"Sangbin","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.11.026","article-title":"Bacteriophage \u03d5IBB-PF7A loaded on sodium alginate-based films to prevent microbial meat spoilage","volume":"291","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2022.104353","article-title":"Two types of bacteriophage-modified alginate hydrogels as antibacterial coatings for implants","volume":"134","author":"Shiue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3564","article-title":"A century of the phage: Past, present and future","volume":"13","author":"Salmond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18295","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b02679","article-title":"Long-term antimicrobial activity of phage-sugar glasses is closely tied to the processing conditions","volume":"3","author":"Vincent","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"In situ reprogramming of gut bacteria by oral delivery","volume":"11","author":"Bryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34803-7","article-title":"Self-assembling nanofibrous bacteriophage microgels as sprayable antimicrobials targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-024-00964-6","article-title":"High-throughput fabrication of antimicrobial phage microgels and example applications in food decontamination","volume":"19","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"5442","article-title":"Chemical synthesis of single atomic site catalysts","volume":"31","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/369387a0","article-title":"Self-organized honeycomb morphology of star-polymer polystyrene films","volume":"369","author":"Widawski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803194","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201803194","article-title":"Fabrication of bioinspired hierarchical functional structures by using honeycomb films as templates","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(90)90267-D","article-title":"Zero-length crosslinking procedure with the use of active esters","volume":"185","author":"Grabarek","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(77)90387-6","article-title":"Detection of the stable addition of carbodiimide to proteins","volume":"79","author":"Timkovich","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6563","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4014164","article-title":"Versatile three-dimensional virus-based template for dye-sensitized solar cells with improved electron transport and light harvesting","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR04864A","article-title":"Highly adjustable 3D nano-architectures and chemistries: Via assembled 1D biological templates","volume":"11","author":"Ohmura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200700274","article-title":"Preparation and application of novel microspheres possessing autofluorescent properties","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenney, P.O., and G\u00f3mez-Duarte, O.G. (2024). Low-volume enrichment method supports high throughput bacteriophage screening and isolation from wastewater. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298833"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gencay, Y.E., Birk, T., S\u00f8rensen, M.C.H., and Br\u00f8ndsted, L. (2017). Methods for Isolation, Purification, and Propagation of Bacteriophages of Campylobacter jejuni, Humana Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6536-6_3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-023-00362-z","article-title":"Isolation and phenotypic characterization of bacteriophage SA14 with lytic- and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/11911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:27:02Z","timestamp":1760113622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/11911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252211911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252211911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]}}}