{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:20:54Z","timestamp":1792624854518,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human vocalization is a complex process that is still only partially understood. Previous studies have suggested the possibility of a localized neuromuscular network of the larynx. Here we investigate this structure in human dissection specimens using multiple immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the area of the pars interna of the thyroarytenoid muscle, muscle fibers are present that are clearly differentiated from skeletal or cardiac muscle cells and show an intermediate ultrastructure. In addition, intramuscular neurons are present that are detectable by both electron and fluorescence microscopy and may have a sensory function in a local neuronal network. Also, several types of sensory and motor synapses are detectable and distributed throughout the pars interna of the thyroarytenoid muscle, with multisynaptic muscle fibers being a common feature. These findings suggest the existence of a previously unrecognized type of muscle fiber coupled to an intramuscular neuronal network, the presence of which could explain functional peculiarities at the laryngeal level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T04:03:24Z","timestamp":1730865804000},"page":"11916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Morphological Evidence for a Unique Neuromuscular Functional Unit of the Human Vocalis Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5182-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rare\u0219-Vasile","family":"Tracicaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Anatomy and Embryology, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ia\u0219i, University Street No 16, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"},{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universit\u00e4tstra\u00dfe 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universit\u00e4tstra\u00dfe 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"D\u00f6llinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Computational Medicine, Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Waldstr. 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Schicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universit\u00e4tstra\u00dfe 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Tillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 8, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9856-6496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"H\u00eenganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Anatomy and Embryology, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ia\u0219i, University Street No 16, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Hristian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Design of Textile Products, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University of Ia\u0219i, 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius Valeriu","family":"H\u00eenganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Anatomy and Embryology, Grigore T Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Ia\u0219i, University Street No 16, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Paulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Universit\u00e4tstra\u00dfe 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26145","article-title":"Three-dimensional posture changes of the vocal fold from paired intrinsic laryngeal muscles","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Titze, I. 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