{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:51:25Z","timestamp":1791870685030,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development","award":["PJ01579701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01579701"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration","award":["PJ01579701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01579701"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticide toxicity is a global concern for honeybee populations, and understanding these effects at the molecular level is critical. This study analyzed the transcriptome of honeybees at larval and adult stages after chronic exposure to a sublethal dose (0.0017 \u00b5g a.i.\/larva) of spinetoram (SPI) during the larval phase. Four groups were used: acetone-treated honeybee larvae (ATL), acetone-treated honeybee adults (ATAs), SPI-treated honeybee larvae (STL), and SPI-treated honeybee adults (STAs). In total, 5719 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for ATL vs. ATAs, 5754 for STL vs. STAs, 273 for ATL vs. STL, and 203 for ATAs vs. STAs (FC \u2264 1.5, p &lt; 0.05). In response to SPI, 29 unique DEGs were identified in larvae and 42 in adults, with 23 overlapping between comparisons, suggesting genes linked to SPI toxicity. Gene ontology analysis showed that SPI affected metabolism-related genes in larvae and lipid-transport-associated genes in adults. KEGG pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of pathways predominantly associated with metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and motor proteins in STL. The transcriptomic data were validated by qPCR. These findings demonstrated that SPI disrupts essential molecular processes, potentially harming honeybee development and behavior, underscoring the need for safer agricultural practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T06:27:39Z","timestamp":1730874459000},"page":"11923","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular Impact of Sublethal Spinetoram Exposure on Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Larval and Adult Transcriptomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bala Murali Krishna","family":"Vasamsetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-2614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyongmi","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Seon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8950-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sojeong","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong-Hun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicity and Risk Assessment Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety and Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143880","article-title":"Contribution of honeybees towards the net environmental benefits of food","volume":"756","author":"Sillman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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