{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:18:24Z","timestamp":1791555504454,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018841","name":"Associazione Italiana Ricerca Alzheimer Onlus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018841","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"]}]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, Italy","award":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione CRT","award":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AirAlzh-AGYR-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of neuroinflammation as a critical factor in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) has expanded the focus of research beyond amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology. The neuroinflammatory fluid biomarkers GFAP, sTREM2, and YKL-40 have gained attention for their potential in early detection and monitoring of disease progression. Plasma GFAP has demonstrated promise in predicting the conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia, while sTREM2 highlights microglial activation, although there are conflicting results regarding its dynamics in AD pathogenesis. Advanced imaging techniques, such as PET tracers targeting TSPO and MAO-B, have also been developed to visualize glial activation in vivo, offering spatial and temporal insights into neuroinflammatory processes. However, the clinical implementation of these biomarkers faces challenges due to their lack of specificity, as many of them can be elevated in other conditions. Therapeutic strategies targeting neuroinflammation are emerging, with TREM2-targeting therapies and antidiabetic drugs like GLP-1 receptor agonists showing potential in modulating microglial activity. Nevertheless, the complexity of neuroinflammation, which encompasses both protective and harmful responses, necessitates further research to fully unravel its role and optimize therapeutic approaches for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T04:22:56Z","timestamp":1730953376000},"page":"11941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7230-7819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Roveta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5512-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Bonino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Maria","family":"Piella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6074-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Innocenzo","family":"Rainero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Brain and Memory Clinic, Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi-Montalcini\u201d, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2024). 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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