{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:16:18Z","timestamp":1792408578206,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ekhagastiftelsen (Ekhaga Foundation Stockholm, Sweden)","award":["2021-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-57"]}]},{"name":"University of Helsinki Library (HuLib), Finland","award":["2021-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-57"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salix species have been used in traditional medicine to treat fever and inflammation. However, there is no reported information on the antibacterial activities of S. aurita and S. pyrolifolia, and little is known about the phytochemistry of S. aurita. In this study, winter-dormant twig extracts of S. aurita, S. caprea, and S. pyrolifolia were screened for their antibacterial activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effects were evaluated using agar diffusion and turbidimetric microplate methods. Time-kill effects were measured using the microplate optical density (OD620) method. UPLC-PDA-QTOF\/MS analysis was conducted to identify the polyphenols present in a methanol extract of S. aurita. The antibacterial results show that methanol and hot and cold water twig extracts of S. aurita, S. caprea, and S. pyrolifolia have significant antibacterial effects against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. cereus with the diameters of the inhibition zones (IZDs) ranging from 16.17 to 30.0 mm and the MICs between 1250 and 2500 \u00b5g\/mL. Only the cold water extract of S. caprea was moderately active against E. coli. Proanthocyanidins, procyanidin B1 (m\/z 577), and procyanidin C1 (m\/z 865) were identified as the major polyphenols present in the methanol extract of S. aurita twigs for the first time. Additionally, salicin-7-sulfate was present in S. aurita twigs. Procyanidin B-1, taxifolin, trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and catechin showed growth inhibitory activity against B. cereus with a MIC value of 250 \u00b5g\/mL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T09:24:13Z","timestamp":1730971453000},"page":"11978","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polyphenol Analysis and Antibacterial Potentials of Twig Extracts of Salix aurita, S. pyrolifolia, and S. caprea Growing Naturally in Finland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2187-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunice Ego","family":"Mgbeahuruike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enass","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Pr\u00e9vost-Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0786-2493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Sipari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"V\u00e4re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Julkunen-Tiitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80100 Joensuu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pia","family":"Fyhrqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abreu, R., Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez, C., Lecuona, M., Castro, B., Gonz\u00e1lez, J.C., Aguirre-Jaime, A., and Arias, \u00c1. 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