{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:31:17Z","timestamp":1785882677505,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infertility, defined as the inability to obtain pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, has increased in prevalence over the past decades, similarly to chronic, allergic, autoimmune, or neurodegenerative diseases. A recent ARIA-MeDALL hypothesis has proposed that all these diseases are linked to dysbiosis and to some cytokines such as interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interleukin 33 (IL-33). Our paper suggests that endometriosis, a leading cause of infertility, is linked to endometrial dysbiosis and two key cytokines, IL-17 and IL-33, which interact with intestinal dysbiosis. Intestinal dysbiosis contributes to elevated estrogen levels, a primary factor in endometriosis. Estrogens strongly activate IL-17 and IL-33, supporting the existence of a gut\u2013endometrial axis as a significant contributor to infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1730981533000},"page":"11981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Infertility, IL-17, IL-33 and Microbiome Cross-Talk: The Extended ARIA-MeDALL Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Samir","family":"Hamamah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie de la Reproduction, H\u00f4pital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"INSERM DEFE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0457-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie de la Reproduction, H\u00f4pital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"INSERM DEFE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Vannier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyn\u00e9cologie M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Anahory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biologie de la Reproduction, H\u00f4pital Arnaud de Villeneuve, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tari","family":"Haahtela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, 00250 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josep M.","family":"Ant\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08002 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Chapron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Gyn\u00e9cologie-Obs., H\u00f4pital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Ayoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gyn\u00e9cologie et m\u00e9decine de la Reproduction, H\u00f4pital Foch, 92150 Suresnes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wienczyslawa","family":"Czarlewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MASK-air, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bousquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey242","article-title":"ART in Europe, 2014: Results generated from European registries by ESHRE: The European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)","volume":"33","author":"Kupka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. 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