{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:03:55Z","timestamp":1788437035000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Operational Programme \u201cScience and Education for Smart Growth\u201d 2014\u20132020","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0014"]}]},{"name":"EU from European Regional Development Fund","award":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG05M2OP001-1.002-0014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillus licheniformis 24 (BL24) is an efficient, non-pathogenic producer of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD). However, during inulin fermentation, the strain produces large amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS), which interfere with the process\u2019 performance. The present study aims to investigate the effect that inactivation of the sacB gene, encoding levansucrase in BL24, has on 2,3-BD production efficiency. Knockout of the sacB gene was accomplished via insertional inactivation. The sacB-knockout variant formed 0.57 g\/L EPS from sucrose and 0.7\u20130.8 g\/L EPS from glucose and fructose, a 15- and 2.5-fold reduction relative to the wild type, respectively. Likewise, during batch fermentation with soluble inulin Frutafit\u00ae CLR, the mutant BL\u0394sacB produced significantly less EPS than the wild type, allowing the maintenance of pH at values favoring 2,3-BD synthesis. At pH 6.50, BL\u0394sacB reached a record titer of 128.7 g\/L 2,3-BD, with productivity of 1.65 g\/L\/h, and a yield of 85.8% of the theoretical maximum. The obtained concentration of 2,3-BD is two-fold higher compared to that of the wild type. Subsequent RT-qPCR assays confirmed a successful sacB knockout. Three of the genes involved in inulin hydrolysis (sacA, sacC, and fruA) maintained their expression levels compared to the wild type, while that of levB increased. Although total EPS accumulation could not be completely eliminated via sacB gene knockout alone, the overall reduction in EPS content has enabled the highest yield of 2,3-BD from inulin to date, a promising result for the industrial production from inulin-rich substrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T12:12:13Z","timestamp":1730981533000},"page":"11983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inactivation of sacB Gene Allows Higher 2,3-Butanediol Production by Bacillus licheniformis from Inulin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Emanoel","family":"Gergov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penka","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4733-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Arsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Ignatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Tsigoriyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4552-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadya","family":"Armenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9197-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaloyan","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1873239","article-title":"Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis","volume":"41","author":"Muras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. 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