{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:17:12Z","timestamp":1792109832952,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grant Departments of Excellence","award":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Grant Departments of Excellence","award":["J53D23000960006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J53D23000960006"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 grant","award":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"]}]},{"name":"PRIN 2022 grant","award":["J53D23000960006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J53D23000960006"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAlbus Award 2023\u201d","award":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["art. 1, comma 314\u2212337 Legge 232\/2016"]}]},{"name":"\u201cAlbus Award 2023\u201d","award":["J53D23000960006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J53D23000960006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a valuable model for studying host-pathogen interactions due to its unique combination of characteristics. These include extensive sequence and functional conservation with the human genome, optical transparency in larvae that allows for high-resolution visualization of host cell-microbe interactions, a fully sequenced and annotated genome, advanced forward and reverse genetic tools, and suitability for chemical screening studies. Despite anatomical differences with humans, the zebrafish model has proven instrumental in investigating immune responses and human infectious diseases. Notably, zebrafish larvae rely exclusively on innate immune responses during the early stages of development, as the adaptive immune system becomes fully functional only after 4\u20136 weeks post-fertilization. This window provides a unique opportunity to isolate and examine infection and inflammation mechanisms driven by the innate immune response without the confounding effects of adaptive immunity. In this review, we highlight the strengths and limitations of using zebrafish as a powerful vertebrate model to study innate immune responses in infectious diseases. We will particularly focus on host-pathogen interactions in human infections caused by various bacteria (Clostridioides difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), viruses (herpes simplex virus 1, SARS-CoV-2), and fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T06:05:41Z","timestamp":1731045941000},"page":"12008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model System to Investigate the Role of the Innate Immune Response in Human Infectious Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Franza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romualdo","family":"Varricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3939-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Alloisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9358-9891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6449-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Ascenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"di Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare \u201cBeniamino Segre\u201d, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 00165 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01839-9","article-title":"Model organisms contribute to diagnosis and discovery in the undiagnosed diseases network: Current state and a future vision","volume":"16","author":"Baldridge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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