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Microgravity is a major component of the spaceflight environment which could have adverse effects on ocular health. The use of centrifugation to exert forces that partially or fully mimic Earth-level gravity in space is a possible countermeasure to mitigate the effects of microgravity on the eye. Therefore, we subjected mice on the International Space Station (ISS) to microgravity (0 G) or artificial gravity by centrifugation at 0.33 G, 0.67 G, and 1 G, and then performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on optic nerve and retinal tissue after returning them to Earth alive. We find that the microgravity environment induces transcriptomic changes in the optic nerve and retina consistent with an increased oxidative stress load, inflammation, apoptosis, and lipid metabolic stress. We also find that adding artificial gravity on board the ISS attenuates the transcriptomic response to microgravity in a dose-dependent manner. Such attenuation may effectively protect from and mitigate spaceflight-induced detrimental effects on ocular tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"12041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Artificial Gravity Attenuates the Transcriptomic Response to Spaceflight in the Optic Nerve and Retina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Isaac","family":"Kremsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"},{"name":"Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyna","family":"Pergerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Justinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4297-0078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seta","family":"Stanbouly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Willey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles A.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8540-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6243-2093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Hotz","family":"Vitaterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Bouxsein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","article-title":"Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight","volume":"118","author":"Mader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0070-y","article-title":"Space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS)","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-020-0097-9","article-title":"Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: A review and an update","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Microgravity"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, X.W., Stanbouly, S., Holley, J., Pecaut, M., and Crapo, J. 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