{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:44:32Z","timestamp":1777092272734,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key R&amp;D Project","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJie Bang Gua Shuai\u201d Project at Yangzhou University","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Technological Innovation Team of College and University in Jiangsu Province","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"111 Project","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["BE2022329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022329"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["YZUXK202316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZUXK202316"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["SCX [22]3547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCX [22]3547"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["[2021] No.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2021] No.1"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["D18007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D18007"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education","award":["PAPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PAPD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate the immunoprotective effect of bacterial biomimetic vesicles (BBVs) against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), a \u0394tolA J11 mutant strain was generated by deleting the tolA gene in the low pathogenic O78 serotype J11 strain. The total protein content of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from the \u0394tolA J11 strain exhibited a sevenfold increase compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, high-pressure homogenization technology was employed to produce BBVs, resulting in a sixfold increase in total protein content compared to spontaneously secreted OMVs from \u0394tolA J11. The immunogenicity of both OMVs and BBVs was assessed through intranasal or intramuscular immunization in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Results demonstrated that intranasal immunization with OMVs or BBVs in chickens elicited specific IgY antibodies against APEC outer membrane proteins and specific sIgA antibodies in the nasal cavity and trachea, as well as a significant increase in the proliferation response of chicken peripheral blood lymphocytes. The bacterial load in the blood and various organs of the challenged chickens were significantly reduced, resulting in a 66.67% and 58.30% survival rate against a high pathogenic serotype O78 strain challenge, while the control group exhibited only a 16.67% survival rate. The intramuscular immunization with OMVs or BBVs in chickens only induced specific IgY antibodies, with a survival rate of only 33.33% for challenged chickens during the same period. Therefore, intranasal vaccination of the highly productive BBVs is capable of eliciting an immune response similar to that of OMVs and providing protection against APEC infection, thus offering innovative insights for the advancement of APEC vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"12055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of High-Production Bacterial Biomimetic Vesicles for Inducing Mucosal Immunity Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9034-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangkai","family":"Zhuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-5149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daxin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebrahimi-Nik, H., Bassami, M.R., Mohri, M., Rad, M., and Khan, M.I. (2018). Bacterial ghost of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) serotype O78:K80 as a homologous vaccine against avian colibacillosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194888"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.047","article-title":"Molecular characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from broiler chickens with colibacillosis","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450802216652","article-title":"Colibacillosis in poultry: Unravelling the molecular basis of virulence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in their natural hosts","volume":"37","author":"Dziva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.04.019","article-title":"Advances in vaccination against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli respiratory disease: Potentials and limitations","volume":"172","author":"Ghunaim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2021.1879990","article-title":"Genetic resistance to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): Current status and opportunities","volume":"50","author":"Monson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M.R.T., Fliss, I., and Biron, E. (2022). Insights in the Development and Uses of Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Poultry and Swine Production. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060766"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101370","article-title":"Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in chicken-source phylogroup F Escherichia coli: Similar populations and resistance spectrums between E. coli recovered from chicken colibacillosis tissues and retail raw meats in Eastern China","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0009-2017","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: A One Health Perspective","volume":"6","author":"McEwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.08.054","article-title":"The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria","volume":"28","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"213","article-title":"Vaccines Against Escherichia coli","volume":"416","author":"Nesta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Mawgoud, A.I.A., El-Nahass, E.S., Shany, S.A.S., El-Sawah, A.A., Dahshan, A.M., Nasef, S.A., and Ali, A. (2020). Efficacy of Live Attenuated Vaccine and Commercially Available Lectin Against Avian Pathogenic E. coli Infection in Broiler Chickens. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7020065"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1637\/10456-112612-ResNote.1","article-title":"Effect of spray Escherichia coli vaccine on the immunity of poultry","volume":"57","author":"Ingberman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1637\/10326-081512-Reg.1","article-title":"Efficacy of a live attenuated Escherichia coli O78:K80 vaccine in chickens and turkeys","volume":"57","author":"Woodward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0132-5","article-title":"Immune responses associated with homologous protection conferred by commercial vaccines for control of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in turkeys","volume":"46","author":"Sadeyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.04.031","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a platform for biomedical applications: An update","volume":"323","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.12.011","article-title":"Protein selection and export via outer membrane vesicles","volume":"1843","author":"Bonnington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"7","article-title":"Gram-negative outer membrane vesicles in vaccine development","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0170721","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01707-21","article-title":"Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Versatile Tool in Vaccine Research and the Fight against Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00388-3","article-title":"Looking beyond meningococcal B with the 4CMenB vaccine: The Neisseria effect","volume":"6","author":"Sohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18791-0","article-title":"Immunological fingerprint of 4CMenB recombinant antigens via protein microarray reveals key immunosignatures correlating with bactericidal activity","volume":"11","author":"Bartolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.035","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with outer membrane vesicles (OMV) protects against airway colonization and systemic infection with Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"86","author":"Higham","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.102148","article-title":"Nanoparticle reinforced bacterial outer-membrane vesicles effectively prevent fatal infection of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5920","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c00680","article-title":"RBD-Modified Bacterial Vesicles Elicited Potential Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCaig, W.D., Loving, C.L., Hughes, H.R., and Brockmeier, S.L. (2016). Characterization and Vaccine Potential of Outer Membrane Vesicles Produced by Haemophilus parasuis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149132"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.02.004","article-title":"Proteome-wide quantification and characterization of oxidation-sensitive cysteines in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.244","article-title":"NlpI-mediated modulation of outer membrane vesicle production through peptidoglycan dynamics in Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"Schwechheimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awad, A.M., El-Shall, N.A., Khalil, D.S., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Swelum, A.A., Mahmoud, A.H., Ebaid, H., Komany, A., Sammour, R.H., and Sedeik, M.E. (2020). Incidence, Pathotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli among Diseased Broiler Chicks. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020114"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.09.042","article-title":"A facile approach for development of a vaccine made of bacterial double-layered membrane vesicles (DMVs)","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0067421","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00674-21","article-title":"Human B Cell Responses to Dominant and Subdominant Antigens Induced by a Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine in a Phase I Trial","volume":"7","author":"Rollier","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01372-7","article-title":"Exploiting bacterial outer membrane vesicles as a cross-protective vaccine candidate against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2021.1873246","article-title":"The bird\u2019s immune response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"50","author":"Alber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.04.001","article-title":"The effect of Gd@C82(OH)22 nanoparticles on the release of Th1\/Th2 cytokines and induction of TNF-alpha mediated cellular immunity","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.05.067","article-title":"Time course study of the antigen-specific immune response to a PLGA microparticle vaccine formulation","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.012","article-title":"Functional specialization of interleukin-17 family members","volume":"34","author":"Iwakura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601775","article-title":"Inducing Mucosal IgA: A Challenge for Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems","volume":"199","author":"Boyaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2023.102376","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicle-based intranasal vaccines","volume":"84","author":"Schijns","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roier, S., Leitner, D.R., Iwashkiw, J., Schild-Pr\u00fcfert, K., Feldman, M.F., Krohne, G., Reidl, J., and Schild, S. (2012). Intranasal immunization with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane vesicles induces cross-protective immunity in mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/0dbc4010-f114-42fc-aafa-3efeef4d3068"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.010","article-title":"Salmonella outer membrane vesicles displaying high densities of pneumococcal antigen at the surface offer protection against colonization","volume":"33","author":"Kuipers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.8.2063-2071.1998","article-title":"Use of bacteriophage lambda recombination functions to promote gene replacement in Escherichia coli","volume":"180","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103610","article-title":"Dietary ethylenediamine dihydroiodide mitigated Escherichia coli O78-induced immune and intestinal damage of ducks via suppression of NF-\u03baB signal","volume":"103","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110472","article-title":"Tracheal cellular immune response in chickens inoculated with Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine, MS-H or its parent strain 86079\/7NS","volume":"251","author":"Omotainse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Hao, S., Lu, A., Huang, X., and Feng, X. (2022). Bursal-Derived BP7 Induces the miRNA Molecular Basis of Chicken Macrophages and Promotes the Differentiation of B Cells. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111960"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101605","article-title":"Differential immunological response detected in mRNA expression profiles among diverse chicken lines in response to Salmonella challenge","volume":"101","author":"Kaiser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.06.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the suitability of six host genes as internal control in real-time RT-PCR assays in chicken embryo cell cultures infected with infectious bursal disease virus","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.07.007","article-title":"Analysis of chicken cytokine and chemokine gene expression following Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella infections","volume":"114","author":"Hong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01928-w","article-title":"Detoxified synthetic bacterial membrane vesicles as a vaccine platform against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.4.1687-1691.1992","article-title":"Outer membrane protein patterns mark clones of Escherichia coli O2 and O78 strains that cause avian septicemia","volume":"60","author":"Kapur","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.043","article-title":"Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"183","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212DDCt method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00950-10","article-title":"Immunization with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-derived outer membrane vesicles delivering the pneumococcal protein PspA confers protection against challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"79","author":"Muralinath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-017-3984-9","article-title":"Human leukemia antigen-A*0201-restricted epitopes of human endogenous retrovirus W family envelope (HERV-W env) induce strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses","volume":"32","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/12055\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:29:32Z","timestamp":1760113772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/12055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252212055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252212055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]}}}