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However, the usefulness of iSCs as an alternative stem cell source remains unclear. The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of iSC and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation. In this experiment, equal numbers of human brain-derived iSCs (h-iSCs) (5.0 \u00d7 104 cells\/\u03bcL) and human bone marrow-derived MSCs (h-MSCs) (5.0 \u00d7 104 cells\/\u03bcL) were intracranially transplanted into post-stroke mouse brains after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Results showed that not only h-iSC transplantation but also h-MSC transplantation activated endogenous neural stem\/progenitor cells (NSPCs) around the grafted sites and promoted neurological functional improvement. However, mice that received h-iSC transplantation experienced improvement in a higher number of behavioral tasks compared with those that received h-MSC transplantation. To investigate the underlying mechanism, NSPCs extracted from the ischemic areas of post-stroke mouse brains were cocultured with h-iSCs or h-MSCs. After coincubation, NSPCs, h-iSCs, and h-MSCs were selectively collected via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Next, their traits were analyzed via microarray analysis. The genes related to various neuronal lineages in NSPCs after coincubation with h-iSCs were enriched compared with those in NSPCs after coincubation with h-MSCs. In addition, the gene expression patterns of h-iSCs relative to those of h-MSCs showed that the expression of genes related to synapse formation and neurotransmitter-producing neurons increased more after coincubation with NSPCs. Hence, cell\u2013cell interactions with NSPCs promoted transdifferentiation toward functional neurons predominantly in h-iSCs. In accordance with these findings, immunohistochemistry showed that the number of neuronal networks between NSPCs and h-iSCs was higher than that between NSPCs and h-MSCs. Therefore, compared with h-MSC transplantation, h-iSC transplantation is associated with a higher neurological functional improvement, presumably by more effectively modulating the fates of endogenous NSPCs and grafted h-iSCs themselves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"12065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Human-Brain-Derived Ischemia-Induced Stem Cell Transplantation Is Associated with a Greater Neurological Functional Improvement Compared with Human-Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Mice After Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shuichi","family":"Tanada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2274-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takayuki","family":"Nakagomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University (Nishinomiya Campus), 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiko","family":"Nakano-Doi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University (Nishinomiya Campus), 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8670-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshinori","family":"Sawano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuji","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University (Nishinomiya Campus), 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3652-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoji","family":"Kuramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazutaka","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Yamahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University (Nishinomiya Campus), 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobutaka","family":"Doe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Hyogo Medical University (Kobe Campus), 1-3-6 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9932-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Yoshimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2014.01.013","article-title":"Isolation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors by cell sorting for successful transplantation","volume":"2","author":"Doi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113913","article-title":"Modulation of gene expression on a transcriptome-wide level following human neural stem cell transplantation in aged mouse stroke brains","volume":"347","author":"Hamblin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. 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