{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:47Z","timestamp":1760146487099,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"]}]},{"name":"Crohn\u2019s &amp; Colitis Foundation","award":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"]}]},{"name":"Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core Center","award":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","award":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Allergy &amp; Infectious Diseases","award":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK097948","SRA898958","5P30DK097948","5K01DK125526-03","R01AI172944"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interaction between gut-residing microorganisms plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), where microbiome dysregulation can alter immune responses, leading to unresolved local inflammation. The aim of this study is to analyze the immunomodulatory properties of a recently developed probiotic + amylase blend in the SAMP1\/YitFc (SAMP) mouse model of CD-like ileitis. Four groups of SAMP mice were gavaged for 56 days with the following treatments: 1) probiotic strains + amylase (0.25 mg\/100 \u00b5L PBS); 2) only probiotics; 3) only amylase; PBS-treated controls. Ilea were collected for GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) analysis and histological evaluation. Histology assessment for inflammation indicated a significantly reduced level of ileitis in mice administered the probiotics + amylase blend. DSP analysis showed decreased abundance of neutrophils and increased abundance of dendritic cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages, with a significant enrichment of five intracellular pathways related to apoptosis, in probiotics + amylase-treated mice. Increased apoptosis occurrence was confirmed by (TdT)- deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP)-biotin nick end labeling assay. Our data demonstrate a beneficial role of the probiotic and amylase blend, highlighting an increased apoptosis of innate immunity-associated cell subsets, thus promoting the resolution of inflammation. Hence, we suggest that the developed probiotic enzyme blend may be a therapeutic tool to manage CD and therefore is a candidate formulation to be tested in clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"12066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A New Probiotic Formulation Promotes Resolution of Inflammation in a Crohn\u2019s Disease Mouse Model by Inducing Apoptosis in Mucosal Innate Immune Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"De Salvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7854-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Osme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Ghannoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Mycology and Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-1548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Cominelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Di Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.17","article-title":"Mucosal immunity to pathogenic intestinal bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Behnsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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