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We hypothesized that elevated gas pressures would elicit an inflammatory response concurrent with oxidative stress. Consistent with ex vivo studies, both gasses elicited neutrophil activation, small elevations in microparticles (MPs) and increases in intra-MP interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and inflammatory nitric oxide synthase, and an increase in urinary IL-6 concurrent with a marked reduction in plasma gelsolin. Mixed responses indictive of oxidative stress, with some biomarker elevations but little change in others and a decrease in some, were observed. Overall, these results demonstrate that exposure to typical diving gasses at a mildly elevated partial pressure will initiate inflammatory responses, which may play a significant role in decompression sickness (DCS). The complex pattern of oxidative stress responses may be indicative of competing systemic reactions and sampling different body fluids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"12067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Inert Gas Mild Pressure Action on Healthy Humans: The \u201cIPA\u201d Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6771-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Balestra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies, Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"DAN Europe Research Division (Roseto-Brussels), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Physical Activity Teaching Unit, Motor Sciences Department, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Leveque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mrakic-Sposta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Coulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Tumbarello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental, Occupational, Aging (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0277-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Vezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (CNR-IFC), 20142 Milano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6595-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuha","family":"Imtiyaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-6124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05392-0","article-title":"The effect of a single closed-circuit rebreather decompression dive in extremely cold water to cardiac function","volume":"124","author":"Tuominen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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