{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T05:02:55Z","timestamp":1793250175119,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alloimmunization remains a major obstacle to successful kidney transplantation, mainly due to the formation of anti-HLA antibodies. In recent years, non-HLA antibodies have emerged as additional immunologic factors that can potentially contribute to graft rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and specificity of both anti-HLA and non-HLA antibodies in patients with end-stage renal disease on a waiting list for kidney transplantation. Serum samples from 74 patients were analyzed using complement-dependent cytotoxicity and solid-phase assays. IgG anti-HLA antibodies were identified in 43.2% of participants, while IgG non-HLA antibodies were detected in 91.9%. The most frequent non-HLA antibodies included anti-ENO1 (28.4%), anti-FIBR1 (23.0%) and anti-PRKCZ (23.0%). A significant difference was found between the number of distinct IgG anti-HLA and IgG non-HLA antibody specificities. However, no significant correlation was found between the number of IgG non-HLA antibody specificities and previous alloimmunization events or dialysis treatments. These results suggest that non-HLA antibodies, although often overlooked, can sometimes play a critical role in transplant outcomes. Routine testing for non-HLA antibodies, in addition to mandatory anti-HLA antibody screening and identification, could improve immunologic risk assessment in transplant patients and post-transplant care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1731312087000},"page":"12103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comprehensive Characterization of Anti-HLA and Non-HLA Antibodies in Patients on Kidney Transplant Waiting List and Evaluation of Their Impact on Alloimmunization Risk and Dialysis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Aida","family":"Muji\u0107 Frani\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Tissue Typing, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4017-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Lili\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2742-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Katalini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Tissue Typing, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ljubica","family":"Glava\u0161-Obrovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.21860\/medflum2020_245217","article-title":"Immunobiology of kidney transplantation and mechanisms of immunosuppressive drugs. 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