{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:25:22Z","timestamp":1790882722305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2-Year Research Grant of Pusan National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution presents a severe risk to public health, with particulate matter (PM) identified as a significant hazardous element. However, despite the eye organ being constantly exposed to air pollution, only recently has the impact of PM on ocular health caught the attention of researchers and healthcare professionals. By compiling pertinent data, this paper aims to enhance our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms of PM-mediated ocular disorders and facilitate the development of effective treatment strategies. Recent data support the association between exposure to PM and the development of ocular pathologies such as dry eye syndrome, retinal atherosclerosis, and glaucoma. Based on the results of multiple studies, PM exposure can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy, cell death, and, ultimately, the development of ophthalmic diseases. This review aims to consolidate the latest findings on PM-mediated ocular diseases by summarizing the outcomes from epidemiological, in vitro, and in vivo studies on ocular surface and retinal disorders as well as other relevant ophthalmic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T08:01:27Z","timestamp":1731312087000},"page":"12107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pathological Mechanisms of Particulate Matter-Mediated Ocular Disorders: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Hwa","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaima","family":"Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyesook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0692-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"PNU GRAND Convergence Medical Science Education Research Center, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2014.63","article-title":"Fine particle components and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time series studies of daily mortality and hospital admissions","volume":"25","author":"Atkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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