{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1791293599616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health\u2014Ricerca Corrente to IRCCS MultiMedica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota, a diverse collection of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a critical role in regulating metabolic, immune, and cognitive functions. Disruptions in the composition of these microbial communities, termed dysbiosis, have been linked to various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). One of the key pathological features of NDs is neuroinflammation, which involves the activation of microglia and peripheral immune cells. The gut microbiota modulates immune responses through the production of metabolites and interactions with immune cells, influencing the inflammatory processes within the central nervous system. This review explores the impact of gut dysbiosis on neuroinflammation, focusing on the roles of microglia, immune cells, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota to alleviate neuroinflammatory processes in NDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1731478248000},"page":"12164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Gut Microbiota and Immune System Dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasa","family":"Kustrimovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8236-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Balkhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Bilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Mortara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Pathology, Biochemistry and Immunology, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.09.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota and cancer: How gut microbiota modulates activity, efficacy and toxicity of antitumoral therapy","volume":"143","author":"Gori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. 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