{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:20:34Z","timestamp":1792804834392,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R21 CA260147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA260147"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["HT9425-23-1-0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0043"]}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association Award","award":["R21 CA260147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA260147"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association Award","award":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association Award","award":["HT9425-23-1-0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0043"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Award","award":["R21 CA260147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 CA260147"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Award","award":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARG-NTF-22-972518"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense Award","award":["HT9425-23-1-0043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding alterations in structural disorders in tissue\/cells\/building blocks, such as DNA\/chromatin in the human brain, at the nano to submicron level provides us with efficient biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s detection. Here, we report a dual photonics technique to detect nano- to submicron-scale alterations in brain tissues\/cells and DNA\/chromatin due to the early to late progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in humans. Using a recently developed mesoscopic light transport technique, fine-focused nano-sensitive partial wave spectroscopy (PWS), we measure the degree of structural disorder in tissues. Furthermore, the chemical-specific inverse participation ratio technique (IPR) was used to measure the DNA\/chromatin structural alterations. The results of the PWS and IPR experiments showed a significant increase in the degree of structural disorder at the nano to submicron scale at different stages of AD relative to their controls for both the tissue\/cell and DNA cellular levels. The increase in the structural disorder in cells\/tissues and DNA\/chromatin in the nuclei can be attributed to higher mass density fluctuations in the tissue and DNA\/chromatin damage in the nuclei caused by the rearrangements of macromolecules due to the deposition of the amyloid beta protein and damage in DNA\/chromatin with the progress of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1731557749000},"page":"12211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dual Photonics Probing of Nano- to Submicron-Scale Structural Alterations in Human Brain Tissues\/Cells and Chromatin\/DNA with the Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fatemah","family":"Alharthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9791-8898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishmael","family":"Apachigawo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8507-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhruvil","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sazzad","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshi","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-294X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Moshahid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4363-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prabhakar","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.002871","article-title":"Microscopic Origin of Light Scattering in Tissue","volume":"42","author":"Popp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. 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