{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:46:41Z","timestamp":1790218001570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Colombia (MINCIENCIAS)","award":["844\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["844\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. While the precise causes of AD remain unclear, emerging evidence suggests that messenger RNA (mRNA) dysregulation contributes to AD pathology and risk. This study examined exosomal mRNA expression profiles of 15 individuals diagnosed with AD and 15 healthy controls from Barranquilla, Colombia. Utilizing advanced bioinformatics and machine learning (ML) techniques, we identified differentially expressed mRNAs and assessed their predictive power for AD diagnosis and AD age of onset (ADAOO). Our results showed that ENST00000331581 (CADM1) and ENST00000382258 (TNFRSF19) were significantly upregulated in AD patients. Key predictors for AD diagnosis included ENST00000311550 (GABRB3), ENST00000278765 (GGTLC1), ENST00000331581 (CADM1), ENST00000372572 (FOXJ3), and ENST00000636358 (ACY1), achieving &gt; 90% accuracy in both training and testing datasets. For ADAOO, ENST00000340552 (LIMK2) expression correlated with a delay of ~12.6 years, while ENST00000304677 (RNASE6), ENST00000640218 (HNRNPU), ENST00000602017 (PPP5D1), ENST00000224950 (STN1), and ENST00000322088 (PPP2R1A) emerged as the most important predictors. ENST00000304677 (RNASE6) and ENST00000602017 (PPP5D1) showed promising predictive accuracy in unseen data. These findings suggest that mRNA expression profiles may serve as effective biomarkers for AD diagnosis and ADAOO, providing a cost-efficient and minimally invasive tool for early detection and monitoring. Further research is needed to validate these results in larger, diverse cohorts and explore the biological roles of the identified mRNAs in AD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1731902829000},"page":"12293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exosomal mRNA Signatures as Predictive Biomarkers for Risk and Age of Onset in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9664-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Bol\u00edvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9662-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda I.","family":"Mosquera-Heredia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar M.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Barcel\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Colombiano de Neuropedagog\u00eda, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universidad de La Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo Internacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Neuro-Conductual (GIINCO), Universidad de La Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Allegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neurological Research FLENI, Monta\u00f1eses 2325, Buenos Aires C1428AQK, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis C.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Silvera-Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Arcos-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psiquiatr\u00eda (GIPSI), Departamento de Psiquiatr\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones M\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Garavito-Galofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3146-7899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge I.","family":"V\u00e9lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016","article-title":"2023 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures","volume":"19","author":"Better","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, A.N., Solomon, M.B., and Privette Vinnedge, L.M. 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