{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:22:30Z","timestamp":1789435350251,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ5258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ5258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32200062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32200062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ5258"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ5258"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinosad is an efficient and broad-spectrum environmentally friendly biopesticide, but its low yield in wild-type Saccharopolyspora spinosa limits its further application. ARTP\/NTG compound mutagenesis was used in this study to improve the spinosad titer of S. spinosa and obtain a high-yield mutant\u2014NT24. Compared with the wild-type strain, the fermentation cycle of NT24 was shortened by 2 days and its maximum titer of spinosad reached 858.3 \u00b1 27.7 mg\/L, which is 5.12 times more than for the same-period titer of the wild-type strain. In addition, RT-qPCR, resequencing, and targeted metabolomics showed that the upregulation of the key differential genes accD6, fadD, sdhB, oadA, and gntZ caused increased metabolic flux in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, suggesting that the accumulation of pyruvate and short-chain acyl-CoA was the primary cause of spinosad accumulation in NT24. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ARTP mutagenesis in S. spinosa, and provides new insights for the mechanism of spinosad biosynthesis and metabolic engineering in S. spinosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1731902829000},"page":"12308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["ARTP\/NTG Compound Mutagenesis Improved the Spinosad Production and the Insecticidal Virulence of Saccharopolyspora Spinosa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zirong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangqiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Rang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengbiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106523","article-title":"Macrolides from rare actinomycetes: Structures and bioactivities","volume":"59","author":"Threadgill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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