{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1791685438363,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]],"date-time":"2024-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH","award":["R21 NS125063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS125063"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH","award":["R01NS086452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS086452"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a single mutation in the huntingtin gene (HTT). Normal HTT has a CAG trinucleotide repeat at its N-terminal within the range of 36. However, once the CAG repeats exceed 37, the mutant gene (mHTT) will encode mutant HTT protein (mHTT), which results in neurodegeneration in the brain, specifically in the striatum and other brain regions. Since the mutation was discovered, there have been many research efforts to understand the mechanism and develop therapeutic strategies to treat HD. HTT is a large protein with many post-translational modification sites (PTMs) and can be modified by phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, sumoylation, etc. Some modifications reduced mHTT toxicity both in cell and animal models of HD. We aimed to find the known kinase inhibitors that can modulate the toxicity of mHTT. We performed an in vitro kinase assay using HTT peptides, which bear different PTM sites identified by us previously. A total of 368 kinases were screened. Among those kinases, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) affected the serine phosphorylation on the peptides that contain S1181 and S1201 of HTT. We explored the effect of CDK1 and CDK5 on the phosphorylation of these PTMs of HTT and found that CDK5 modified these two serine sites, while CDK5 knockdown reduced the phosphorylation of S1181 and S1201. Modifying these two serine sites altered the neuronal toxicity induced by mHTT. Roscovitine, a CDK inhibitor, reduced the p-S1181 and p-S1201 and had a protective effect against mHTT toxicity. We further investigated the feasibility of the use of roscovitine in HD mice. We confirmed that roscovitine penetrated the mouse brain by IP injection and inhibited CDK5 activity in the brains of HD mice. It is promising to move this study to in vivo for pre-clinical HD treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1731902829000},"page":"12315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Roscovitine, a CDK Inhibitor, Reduced Neuronal Toxicity of mHTT by Targeting HTT Phosphorylation at S1181 and S1201 In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Hongshuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainsley","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asvini","family":"Krishnaprakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianze","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4020-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Ratovitski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mali","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E","article-title":"A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington\u2019s disease chromosomes. 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