{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T10:45:22Z","timestamp":1793011522314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","award":["K01HL169019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01HL169019"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","award":["R01HL140976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL140976"]}]},{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","award":["R01HL170904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL170904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Recent advancements in high-throughput omics techniques have enhanced our understanding of the human microbiome\u2019s role in the development of CVDs. Although the relationship between the gut microbiome and CVDs has attracted considerable research attention and has been rapidly evolving in recent years, the role of the oral microbiome remains less understood, with most prior studies focusing on periodontitis-related pathogens. In this review, we summarized previously reported associations between the oral microbiome and CVD, highlighting known CVD-associated taxa such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. We also discussed the interactions between the oral and gut microbes. The potential mechanisms by which the oral microbiota can influence CVD development include oral and systemic inflammation, immune responses, cytokine release, translocation of oral bacteria into the bloodstream, and the impact of microbial-related products such as microbial metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs], trimethylamine oxide [TMAO], hydrogen sulfide [H2S], nitric oxide [NO]) and specific toxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS], leukotoxin [LtxA]). The processes driven by these mechanisms may contribute to atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and other cardiovascular pathologies. Integrated multi-omics methodologies, along with large-scale longitudinal population studies and intervention studies, will facilitate a deeper understanding of the metabolic and functional roles of the oral microbiome in cardiovascular health. This fundamental knowledge will support the development of targeted interventions and effective therapies to prevent or reduce the progression from cardiovascular risk to clinical CVD events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T04:07:09Z","timestamp":1731902829000},"page":"12337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Oral Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Burk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women\u2019s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qibin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.316242","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"127","author":"Witkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Integrative HMP (iHMP) Research Network Consortium (2014). The Integrative Human Microbiome Project: Dynamic Analysis of Microbiome-Host Omics Profiles during Periods of Human Health and Disease. Cell Host Microbe, 16, 276\u2013289.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.08.014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18848","article-title":"The Microbiota in Adaptive Immune Homeostasis and Disease","volume":"535","author":"Honda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000139","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome in Health and in Disease","volume":"31","author":"Shreiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309715","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Health and Disease","volume":"120","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut Microbiota in Human Metabolic Health and Disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1505-3","article-title":"Insights into the Human Oral Microbiome","volume":"200","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The Oral Microbiota: Dynamic Communities and Host Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17038","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.38","article-title":"Periodontal Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Kinane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between Periodontal Pathogens and Systemic Disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12589","article-title":"The Autoimmunity-Oral Microbiome Connection","volume":"23","author":"Nikitakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.03.001","article-title":"Oral Infections and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"26","author":"Kholy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033350","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033350","article-title":"Saliva, Plasma, and Multifluid Metabolomic Signatures of Periodontal Disease, Type 2 Diabetes Progression, and Markers of Glycemia and Dyslipidemia among Puerto Rican Adults with Overweight and Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13189","article-title":"Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases: Consensus Report","volume":"47","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00825-3","article-title":"The Oral Microbiome in the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"20","author":"Tonelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1994.tb00016.x","article-title":"Evidence of Bacterial Etiology: A Historical Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Socransky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial Complexes in Subgingival Plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.00924.x","article-title":"Incidence of Bacteremia After Chewing, Tooth Brushing and Scaling in Individuals with Periodontal Inflammation","volume":"33","author":"Forner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.03.009","article-title":"Streptococcus Mutans Antigen I\/II and Autoimmunity in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lucchese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315502","article-title":"BMAL1-Downregulation Aggravates Porphyromonas Gingivalis-Induced Atherosclerosis by Encouraging Oxidative Stress","volume":"126","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.11.092","article-title":"Periodontal Disease and Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Meta-Analysis of 17,330 Participants","volume":"203","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2019.02.52","article-title":"The Risk of Periodontitis for Peripheral Vascular Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaschwich, M., Behrendt, C., Heydecke, G., Bayer, A., Debus, E.S., Seedorf, U., and Aarabi, G. (2019). The Association of Periodontitis and Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease-A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122936"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.306.6879.688","article-title":"Dental Disease and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality","volume":"306","author":"DeStefano","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018990","article-title":"Periodontal Disease, Regular Dental Care use, and Incident Ischemic Stroke","volume":"49","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(03)00114-3","article-title":"Estimation of Ten-Year Risk of Fatal Cardiovascular Disease in Europe: The SCORE Project","volume":"24","author":"Conroy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(76)90357-X","article-title":"Role of Hypertension in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"38","author":"Hollander","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezamat, M., Saeed, A., McKennan, C., Duan, J., Zhou, R., Baxter, D.J., Liu, L., las Fuentes, L.d., Foxman, B., and Shaffer, J.R. (2024). Oral Disease and Atherosclerosis may be Associated with Overlapping Metabolic Pathways. JDR Clin. Transl. Res., 23800844241280383.","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844241280383"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhu, M., Liu, Y., Luo, B., Cui, J., Huang, L., Chen, K., and Liu, Y. (2022). The Oral Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Health: A Comprehensive Review and Emerging Insights. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1010368"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chhibber-Goel, J., Singhal, V., Bhowmik, D., Vivek, R., Parakh, N., Bhargava, B., and Sharma, A. (2016). Linkages between Oral Commensal Bacteria and Atherosclerotic Plaques in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-016-0009-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozarov, E.V., Dorn, B.R., Shelburne, C.E., Dunn, W.A., and Progulske-Fox, A. (2005). Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Contains Viable Invasive Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000155018.67835.1a"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5337-5343.1998","article-title":"Invasion of Aortic and Heart Endothelial Cells by Porphyromonas Gingivalis","volume":"66","author":"Deshpande","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3985731","article-title":"Potential Association of the Oral Microbiome with Trimethylamine N-Oxide Quantification in Mexican Patients with Myocardial Infarction","volume":"2024","author":"Niccolai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-023-01082-9","article-title":"Metagenomic Analysis to Uncover the Subgingival and Atherosclerotic Plaque Microbiota in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"63","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.01.054","article-title":"The Role of Saccharibacteria (TM7) in the Subginival Microbiome as a Predictor for Secondary Cardiovascular Events","volume":"331","author":"Schulz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leskel\u00e4, J., Pieti\u00e4inen, M., Safer, A., Lehto, M., Metso, J., Malle, E., Buggle, F., Becher, H., Sundvall, J., and Grau, A.J. (2020). Serum Lipopolysaccharide Neutralizing Capacity in Ischemic Stroke. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228806"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12903","article-title":"The Association between Oral Bacteria, the Cough Reflex and Pneumonia in Patients with Acute Stroke and Suspected Dysphagia","volume":"47","author":"Perry","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_84_19","article-title":"Interrelation of Cardiovascular Diseases with Anaerobic Bacteria of Subgingival Biofilm","volume":"10","author":"Nikolaeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"70","article-title":"Detection of Oral Bacteria on the Tongue Dorsum using PCR Amplification of 16S Ribosomal RNA and its Association with Systemic Disease in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.007","article-title":"Immunologic Burden Links Periodontitis to Acute Coronary Syndrome","volume":"268","author":"Liljestrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564689","article-title":"Periodontal Bacterial DNA and their Link to Human Cardiac Tissue: Findings of a Pilot Study","volume":"66","author":"Ziebolz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.09.001","article-title":"Periodontal Bacteria DNA Findings in Human Cardiac Tissue\u2014Is there a Link of Periodontitis to Heart Valve Disease?","volume":"251","author":"Ziebolz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.10980","article-title":"The Presence of Periopathogenic Bacteria in Subgingival and Atherosclerotic Plaques\u2014An Age Related Comparative Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kannosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.02.003","article-title":"\u201cAssociation of Periodontopathic Anaerobic Bacterial Co-Occurrence to Atherosclerosis\u201d\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"44","author":"Mahalakshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/ger.12271","article-title":"Oral Flora in Acute Stroke Patients: A Prospective Exploratory Observational Study","volume":"34","author":"Boaden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mougeot, J.-L.C., Stevens, C.B., Paster, B.J., Brennan, M.T., Lockhart, P.B., and Mougeot, F.K.B. (2017). Porphyromonas Gingivalis is the most Abundant Species Detected in Coronary and Femoral Arteries. J. Oral Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1281562"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.097","article-title":"Oral Microbiota in Patients with Atherosclerosis","volume":"243","author":"Tremaroli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filho, W.S.E.S., Casarin, R.C.V., Nicolela, E.L., Passos, H.M., Sallum, A.W., and Gon\u00e7alves, R.B. (2014). Microbial Diversity Similarities in Periodontal Pockets and Atheromatous Plaques of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109761"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011383107","article-title":"Human Oral, Gut, and Plaque Microbiota in Patients with Atherosclerosis","volume":"108","author":"Koren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476068","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/476068","article-title":"Porphyromonas Gingivalis: Major Periodontopathic Pathogen Overview","volume":"2014","author":"Mysak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12060","article-title":"Inflammatory Mechanisms Linking Periodontal Diseases to Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Schenkein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04083-4","article-title":"Systemic Burden and Cardiovascular Risk to Porphyromonas Species in Apical Periodontitis","volume":"26","author":"Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000157982.69663.59","article-title":"Serum Antibody Levels to Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans Predict the Risk for Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"25","author":"Pussinen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01887-4","article-title":"Opportunistic Detection of Fusobacterium Nucleatum as a Marker for the Early Gut Microbial Dysbiosis","volume":"20","author":"Huh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund H\u00e5heim, A.L. (2024). Oral Anaerobe Bacteria-a Common Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality and some Forms of Cancer?. Front. Oral Health, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1348946"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2011.100719","article-title":"Detection of Periodontal Bacteria in Atheromatous Plaque by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"82","author":"Figuero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.317276","article-title":"Gut Microbiota, Plasma Metabolomic Profiles, and Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in HIV Infection","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Peters, B.A., Bryant, M., Hanna, D.B., Schwartz, T., Wang, T., Sollecito, C.C., Usyk, M., Grassi, E., and Wiek, F. (2023). Gut Microbiota, Circulating Inflammatory Markers and Metabolites, and Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in HIV Infection. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01566-2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79742","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.79742","article-title":"Associations of Genetic and Infectious Risk Factors with Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"12","author":"Hodel","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega, B.A., Belinka, B.A., and Kachlany, S.C. (2019). Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans Leukotoxin (LtxA; Leukothera\u00ae): Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090489"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03785-x","article-title":"The Role of the Oral Microbiome in Smoking-Related Cardiovascular Risk: A Review of the Literature Exploring Mechanisms and Pathways","volume":"20","author":"Maki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.409","article-title":"Treponema Denticola Chymotrypsin-Like Proteinase may Contribute to Orodigestive Carcinogenesis through Immunomodulation","volume":"118","author":"Nieminen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01511-14","article-title":"Invasion of Oral and Aortic Tissues by Oral Spirochete Treponema Denticola in ApoE(-\/-) Mice Causally Links Periodontal Disease and Atherosclerosis","volume":"82","author":"Chukkapalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00558-19","article-title":"Age-Related Variation of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Different Body Habitats Across the Young, Elderly, and Centenarians in Sardinia","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.10.028","article-title":"Oral Microbiota Transplantation Fights Against Head and Neck Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.08.032","article-title":"A Systematic Analysis of Biosynthetic Gene Clusters in the Human Microbiome Reveals a Common Family of Antibiotics","volume":"158","author":"Donia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Haake, S.K., Mannon, P., Lemon, K.P., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Huttenhower, C., and Izard, J. (2012). Composition of the Adult Digestive Tract Bacterial Microbiome Based on Seven Mouth Surfaces, Tonsils, Throat and Stool Samples. Genome Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r42"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung, M.K., Chan, J.Y.K., Wong, M.C.S., Wong, P.Y., Lei, P., Cai, L., Lan, L., Ho, W.C.S., Yeung, A.C.M., and Chan, P.K.S. (2022). Determinants and Interactions of Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Adults. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02410-21"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00451-20","article-title":"Assessing the Variation within the Oral Microbiome of Healthy Adults","volume":"5","author":"Nearing","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02291-2","article-title":"Profiling the Salivary Microbiome of the Qatari Population","volume":"18","author":"Murugesan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42693","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42693","article-title":"Extensive Transmission of Microbes Along the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109886","article-title":"Oral Microbiota Affects the Efficacy and Prognosis of Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer in Mouse Models","volume":"37","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis is Linked to Hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, H., Tsai, W., Hung, W., Hung, W., Chang, C., Dai, C., and Tsai, Y. (2021). Gut Microbiota and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082679"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00460-18","article-title":"Oral Administration of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Alters the Gut Microbiome and Serum Metabolome","volume":"3","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, M., Arimatsu, K., Kato, T., Matsuda, Y., Minagawa, T., Takahashi, N., Ohno, H., and Yamazaki, K. (2015). Oral Administration of P. Gingivalis Induces Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota and Impaired Barrier Function Leading to Dissemination of Enterobacteria to the Liver. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134234"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.579979","article-title":"Detection of Diverse Bacterial Signatures in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"113","author":"Ott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.3.1584","article-title":"Is Porphyromonas Gingivalis Cell Invasion Required for Atherogenesis? Pharmacotherapeutic Implications","volume":"182","author":"Amar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220197","article-title":"The Role of Gut Dysbiosis-Associated Inflammation in Heart Failure","volume":"68","author":"Siqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Da Assoc. M\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12423","article-title":"Mediators between Oral Dysbiosis and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"126","author":"Liljestrand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.174","article-title":"The Subgingival Microbiome in Health and Periodontitis and its Relationship with Community Biomass and Inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Abusleme","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01430.x","article-title":"Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Cases with Severe Periodontitis","volume":"36","author":"Buhlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00127.x","article-title":"Molecular Mimicry of Host Structures by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and its Contribution to Disease","volume":"16","author":"Moran","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-Like Receptors and the Control of Immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.105.10.1158","article-title":"Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Possible Pathway for Plaque Activation","volume":"105","author":"Edfeldt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10679","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403249101","article-title":"Lack of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Or Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Reduces Atherosclerosis and Alters Plaque Phenotype in Mice Deficient in Apolipoprotein E","volume":"101","author":"Michelsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013628","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013628","article-title":"Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein Levels and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in a General Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study","volume":"8","author":"Asada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005784","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005784","article-title":"Gut-Derived Serum Lipopolysaccharide is Associated with Enhanced Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Atrial Fibrillation: Effect of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet","volume":"6","author":"Pastori","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2337","article-title":"Periodontitis: A Polymicrobial Disruption of Host Homeostasis","volume":"8","author":"Darveau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513507956","article-title":"Neutrophil Homeostasis and Periodontal Health in Children and Adults","volume":"93","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312120965752","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312120965752","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Amin","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht367","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: New Prospective Study and Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Kaptoge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100884","article-title":"Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Modulates the Oral Microbiome and Increases Risk of Infection","volume":"23","author":"Pushalkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12300","article-title":"Smoking Decreases Structural and Functional Resilience in the Subgingival Ecosystem","volume":"41","author":"Joshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.05.011","article-title":"Porphyromonas Gingivalis Stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 Secretion in GMSM-K, HSC-3 and H413 Oral Epithelial Cells","volume":"28","author":"Yee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.018","article-title":"Infection with a Periodontal Pathogen Increases Mononuclear Cell Adhesion to Human Aortic Endothelial Cells","volume":"190","author":"Roth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.02128.x","article-title":"Infection with a Periodontal Pathogen Induces Procoagulant Effects in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells","volume":"4","author":"Roth","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1159\/000314686","article-title":"Pathogen-Mediated Inflammatory Atherosclerosis is Mediated in Part Via Toll-Like Receptor 2-Induced Inflammatory Responses","volume":"2","author":"Hayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.09.002","article-title":"Bacterial Flagellins: Mediators of Pathogenicity and Host Immune Responses in Mucosa","volume":"12","author":"Ramos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032847","article-title":"DAMPs, PAMPs, and LAMPs in Immunity and Sterile Inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Zindel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G., Polizzi, A., Ronsivalle, V., Alibrandi, A., Palazzo, G., and Lo Giudice, A. (2021). Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 during Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061777"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.146","article-title":"Human Oral Microbiota and its Modulation for Oral Health","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.04.004","article-title":"Role of Complement in Host-Microbe Homeostasis of the Periodontium","volume":"25","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0207-z","article-title":"Platelet-Bacterial Interactions","volume":"67","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5740","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00909-07","article-title":"Role of Streptococcus Gordonii Surface Proteins SspA\/SspB and Hsa in Platelet Function","volume":"75","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05421.x","article-title":"A Serine-Rich Glycoprotein of Streptococcus Sanguis Mediates Adhesion to Platelets Via GPIb","volume":"129","author":"Plummer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.03.017","article-title":"Defect of Glucosyltransferases Reduces Platelet Aggregation Activity of Streptococcus Mutans: Analysis of Clinical Strains Isolated from Oral Cavities","volume":"55","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1425","article-title":"The Interaction of Bacterial Pathogens with Platelets","volume":"4","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Metabolism of L-Carnitine, a Nutrient in Red Meat, Promotes Atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313142","article-title":"Microbial Transplantation with Human Gut Commensals Containing CutC is Sufficient to Transmit Enhanced Platelet Reactivity and Thrombosis Potential","volume":"123","author":"Skye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolite TMAO Enhances Platelet Hyperreactivity and Thrombosis Risk","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002767","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002767","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-Oxide Promotes Vascular Inflammation through Signaling of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor-\u03baB","volume":"5","author":"Seldin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janeiro, M.H., Ram\u00edrez, M.J., Milagro, F.I., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., and Solas, M. (2018). Implication of Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) in Disease: Potential Biomarker Or New Therapeutic Target. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101398"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, P., Li, H., Jia, W., Shou, Q., Zhu, Y., Mao, L., Wang, W., Wu, F., Chen, X., and Wan, X. (2021). Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Attenuate Hyperglycemia through the Microbiome-Gut-Organs Axis in Db\/Db Mice. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01126-6"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0173-3","article-title":"Probiotics and Prebiotics in Intestinal Health and Disease: From Biology to the Clinic","volume":"16","author":"Sanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01180-15","article-title":"Extracellular Glycoside Hydrolase Activities in the Human Oral Cavity","volume":"81","author":"Inui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyvad, B., and Takahashi, N. (2020). Integrated Hypothesis of Dental Caries and Periodontal Diseases. J. Oral Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1710953"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: A Double-Edged Sword for Health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magrin, G.L., Strauss, F.J., Benfatti, C.A.M., Maia, L.C., and Gruber, R. (2020). Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Human Oral Epithelial Cells and the Potential Impact on Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review of in Vitro Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144895"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nm954","article-title":"Nitrite Reduction to Nitric Oxide by Deoxyhemoglobin Vasodilates the Human Circulation","volume":"9","author":"Cosby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2013.811212","article-title":"Dietary Nitrate, Nitric Oxide, and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"56","author":"Bondonno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.015","article-title":"Enterosalivary Nitrate Metabolism and the Microbiome: Intersection of Microbial Metabolism, Nitric Oxide and Diet in Cardiac and Pulmonary Vascular Health","volume":"105","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangula, P., Ravella, K., Chukkapalli, S., Rivera, M., Srinivasan, S., Hale, A., Channon, K., Southerland, J., and Kesavalu, L. (2015). Polybacterial Periodontal Pathogens Alter Vascular and Gut BH4\/nNOS\/NRF2-Phase II Enzyme Expression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129885"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampelska, K., Jaworska, M.M., Babalska, Z.\u0141., and Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2020). The Role of Oral Microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082484"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c160023","article-title":"Protective Actions of H2S in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure","volume":"7","author":"Donnarumma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001116","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202001116","article-title":"Maternal Garlic Oil Supplementation Prevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypertension in Adult Rat Offspring: Implications of H2S-Generating Pathway in the Gut and Kidneys","volume":"65","author":"Hsu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.016","article-title":"Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide-Mediated MAPK Inhibition Preserves Endothelial Function through TXNIP Signaling","volume":"110","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basic, A., Serino, G., Leonhardt, \u00c5., and Dahl\u00e9n, G. (2019). H2S Mediates Increased Interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-18 Production in Leukocytes from Patients with Periodontitis. J. Oral Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1617015"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105119","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide: An Endogenous Regulator of the Immune System","volume":"161","author":"Dilek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0020","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Induces Keap1 S-Sulfhydration and Suppresses Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis Via Nrf2 Activation","volume":"65","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00356-0","article-title":"Metagenome-Genome-Wide Association Studies Reveal Human Genetic Impact on the Oral Microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211051967","article-title":"Host Genetic Associations with Salivary Microbiome in Oral Cancer","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Li, Y., Stoll, M.L., and Tollefsbol, T.O. (2020). The Epigenetic Connection between the Gut Microbiome in Obesity and Diabetes. Front. Genet., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01329"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, N., Kakuta, M., Uchino, E., Hasegawa, T., Kojima, R., Kobayashi, W., Sawada, K., Tamura, Y., Tokuda, I., and Imoto, S. (2020). The Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and the Tongue Microbiome in an East Asian Population. J. Oral Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1742527"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/12337\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:34:02Z","timestamp":1760114042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/22\/12337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252212337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252212337","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]}}}