{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:42:57Z","timestamp":1792172577704,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer ranks among the primary contributors to global mortality. In 2022, the global incidence of new cancer cases reached about 20 million, while the number of cancer-related fatalities reached 9.7 million. In Saudi Arabia, there were 13,399 deaths caused by cancer and 28,113 newly diagnosed cases of cancer. Drug repurposing is a drug discovery strategy that has gained special attention and implementation to enhance the process of drug development due to its time- and money-saving effect. It involves repositioning existing medications to new clinical applications. Cancer treatment is a therapeutic area where drug repurposing has shown the most prominent impact. This review presents a compilation of medications that have been repurposed for the treatment of various types of cancers. It describes the initial therapeutic and pharmacological classes of the repurposed drugs and their new applications and mechanisms of action in cancer treatment. The review reports on drugs from various pharmacological classes that have been successfully repurposed for cancer treatment, including approved ones and those in clinical trials and preclinical development. It stratifies drugs based on their anticancer repurpose as multi-type, type-specific, and mechanism-directed, and according to their pharmacological classes. The review also reflects on the future potential that drug repurposing has in the clinical development of novel anticancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252212441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1732017487000},"page":"12441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Drug Repurposing for Cancer Treatment: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0079-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz H.","family":"Al Khzem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Gomaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-9379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour S.","family":"Alturki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9178-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Tawfeeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3426-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sarafroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shareefa M.","family":"Alonaizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhassan","family":"Al Faran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laela Ahmed","family":"Alrumaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Ahmed","family":"Alansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Abbas","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732748211038735","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748211038735","article-title":"Cancer biology, epidemiology, and treatment in the 21st century: Current status and future challenges from a biomedical perspective","volume":"28","author":"Vadillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Control."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2024, November 16). NIH Curriculum Supplement Series, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK20362\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"725","article-title":"The development and causes of cancer","volume":"2","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell A Mol. 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