{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:54:07Z","timestamp":1788497647041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2015\/17\/B\/NZ9\/01447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/B\/NZ9\/01447"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the current state of knowledge regarding disorders of facial bone development, including anodontia, the development of a suitable animal model for preclinical studies is essential. The agenesis of dental buds occurs in about 25% of the human population. Prospects for treatment include the use of growth factors, stem cells, and bioengineering. This study aimed to investigate the influence of a tooth absence on facial bone growth, develop a technique for the application of growth factors to the developing bone, and analyze the comparative effect of the application of selected active proteins on the growth of the maxilla and mandible. Piglets underwent germectomy, followed by computed tomography and X-ray; morphometric and histological analyses of the bones were performed, blood bone morphogenetic protein 2 and platelet-derived growth factor concentrations were determined, and the transcriptomic profile of the dentate ligament was analyzed using DNA microarrays. It was not possible to identify the most effective growth factor application algorithm for achieving normal jaw development. Normal mandibular bone structure and oral mucosa structure were observed in the germectomy groups with growth factor augmentation. The average height of the mandibular alveolar part in the area of the removed dental buds was significantly lower compared with that of the inoperable side, 3 months after surgery. However, no significant differences were found in the serum concentrations of BMP-2 and PDGF between groups. The animal model of bone development disorders (including anodontia) developed in the current study and the scheme for evaluating the efficacy and safety of the application of replacement therapy for craniofacial malformations are important in the development of the discipline and represent an important contribution to the introduction of treatment methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T06:11:54Z","timestamp":1732169514000},"page":"12509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigating the Influence of a Tooth Absence on Facial Bone Growth Using a Porcine Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5898-3909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Szkopek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Large Animal Models, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Wychowa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Coure, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Zaworski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanka","family":"Seklecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phase Research Team, Adamed Pharma S.A., 05-152 Pie\u0144k\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7470-0507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Starzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Generics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 05-552 Jastrz\u0119biec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Lipi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Generics and Animal Biotechnology PAS, 05-552 Jastrz\u0119biec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3290-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateryna","family":"Pierzynowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University, 221 48 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan G.","family":"Pierzynowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University, 221 48 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Anara AB, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Witold Chod\u017aka Institute of Rural Medicine, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5072-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anara AB, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden"},{"name":"School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Paczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E-Medical Center Profivet sp. z o.o. sp. k, 05-190 Nasielsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-1045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Woli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Large Animal Models, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2010.01064.x","article-title":"Bone marrow combined with dental bud cells promotes tooth regeneration in miniature pig model","volume":"35","author":"Kuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. 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