{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:44:38Z","timestamp":1787244278165,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing health hazard for humankind and respiratory health in particular. Such chemical compounds are present in the environment and food and may interfere with physiological processes through interference with functions of the endocrine system, making humans more susceptible to various types of diseases. This review aims to discuss the effects of EDCs on the respiratory system. Exposure to EDCs during fetal development and adulthood increases susceptibility to respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD, and pulmonary fibrosis. EDCs are both multiple and complex in the ways they can act. Indeed, these chemicals may induce oxidative stress, modify cell proliferation and differentiation, interfere with tissue repair, and modulate the inflammatory response. Moreover, EDCs may also break the integrity of the blood\u2013air barrier, allowing noxious substances to penetrate into the lung and thus enhancing the opportunity for infection. In conclusion, the scientific evidence available tends to indicate that EDCs exposure is strongly linked to the initiation of respiratory disease. Further research will be important in discovering the underlying molecular mechanisms and devising preventive and therapeutic measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T04:21:36Z","timestamp":1732249296000},"page":"12540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Mechanism of Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on the Respiratory System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5024-4204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Molinari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca Antonio","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicla","family":"Tranchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D\u2019Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6725-8581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Di Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marika","family":"Cordaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tikariha, R. (2023). Chemical Nature and Mechanism of Endocrine Disruptors (EDs): A Critical Review. 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