{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:29:17Z","timestamp":1791818957992,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32473043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CQMAITS202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQMAITS202312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWUS2315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWUS2315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["32102684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102684"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["32473043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473043"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["32172850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172850"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["CQMAITS202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQMAITS202312"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for pigs","award":["SWUS2315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWUS2315"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102684"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32473043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32172850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CQMAITS202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQMAITS202312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002865","name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWUS2315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWUS2315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["32102684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102684"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["32473043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473043"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["32172850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172850"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["CQMAITS202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQMAITS202312"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["SWUS2315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWUS2315"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["32102684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102684"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["32473043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32473043"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["32172850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172850"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCTIP-XD\/C17"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-LDX0009"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0846"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["CQMAITS202312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CQMAITS202312"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Research Innovation Project of Southwest University","award":["SWUS2315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWUS2315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cathelicidins have anti-inflammatory activity and chicken cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) has shown to modulate immune response, but the underlying mechanism of its anti-inflammation is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of CATH-2 on murine peritoneal macrophages during avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) infection. The results showed that CATH-2 priming significantly reduced the production of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-1\u03b1, and IL-12. In addition, CATH-2 significantly attenuated APEC-induced caspase-1 activation and the formation of an adaptor (ASC) of NLRP3 inflammasome, indicating that CATH-2 inhibits APEC-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, CATH-2 remarkably inhibited NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways activation. Moreover, CATH-2 significantly inhibited mRNA expression of cathepsin B and inhibited lysosomal acidification, demonstrating that CATH-2 disrupts lysosomal function. In addition, promoting lysosomal acidification using ML-SA1 hampered the anti-inflammatory effect of CATH-2 on APEC-infected cells. In conclusion, our study reveals that CATH-2 inhibits APEC-induced inflammation via the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3\/MAPK pathway through the dysfunction of lysosome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T10:17:23Z","timestamp":1732270643000},"page":"12572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial Peptide CATH-2 Attenuates Avian Pathogenic E. coli-Induced Inflammatory Response via NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3\/MAPK Pathway and Lysosomal Dysfunction in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2844-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianci","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing 402460, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kathayat, D., Lokesh, D., Ranjit, S., and Rajashekara, G. (2021). Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC): An Overview of Virulence and Pathogenesis Factors, Zoonotic Potential, and Control Strategies. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040467"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2021.1873246","article-title":"The bird\u2019s immune response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"50","author":"Alber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1803.111099","article-title":"Chicken as reservoir for extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in humans, Canada","volume":"18","author":"Bergeron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Afayibo, D.J.A., Zhang, B., Zhu, H., Yao, L., Guo, W., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Wang, D., and Peng, H. (2022). Characteristics, pathogenic mechanism, zoonotic potential, drug resistance, and prevention of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1049391"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.05.019","article-title":"Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli-induced activation of chicken macrophage HD11 cells","volume":"87","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00849-y","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effect of cathelicidin-B1 on chicken macrophages","volume":"51","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0058-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial host defence peptides: Functions and clinical potential","volume":"19","author":"Mookherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.29","article-title":"The immunology of host defence peptides: Beyond antimicrobial activity","volume":"16","author":"Hancock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1602164","article-title":"Cathelicidins Inhibit Escherichia coli-Induced TLR2 and TLR4 Activation in a Viability-Dependent Manner","volume":"199","author":"Coorens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01083-4","article-title":"Chicken cathelicidin-2 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages","volume":"53","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2021.110369","article-title":"The cathelicidin CATH-2 efficiently neutralizes LPS- and E. coli-induced activation of porcine bone marrow derived macrophages","volume":"244","author":"Veldhuizen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.05.019","article-title":"Identification of chicken cathelicidin-2 core elements involved in antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities","volume":"46","author":"Molhoek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501242","article-title":"Importance of Endosomal Cathelicidin Degradation To Enhance DNA-Induced Chicken Macrophage Activation","volume":"195","author":"Coorens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dijk, A., van Eldik, M., Veldhuizen, E.J., Tjeerdsma-van Bokhoven, H.L., de Zoete, M.R., Bikker, F.J., and Haagsman, H.P. (2016). Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Chicken Cathelicidin-2 Derived Peptides. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147919"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: Molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2065","article-title":"Crosstalk in NF-\u03baB signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"Oeckinghaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, V.A.F., Coorens, M., Ordonez, S.R., Bokhoven, J.L.M.T.-V., Posthuma, G., van Dijk, A., Haagsman, H.P., and Veldhuizen, E.J.A. (2016). Imaging the antimicrobial mechanism(s) of cathelicidin-2. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32948"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, V.A.F., Coorens, M., Bokhoven, J.L.M.T.-V., Posthuma, G., van Dijk, A., Veldhuizen, E.J.A., and Haagsman, H.P. (2017). Imaging the Antistaphylococcal Activity of CATH-2: Mechanism of Attack and Regulation of Inflammatory Response. mSphere, 2.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00370-17"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.05.009","article-title":"d-enantiomers of CATH-2 enhance the response of macrophages against Streptococcus suis serotype 2","volume":"36","author":"Balhuizen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coorens, M., Banaschewski, B.J.H., Yamashita, C., van Dijk, A., Haagsman, H.P., Veldhuizen, R.A.W., and Veldhuizen, E.J.A. (2017). Killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Chicken Cathelicidin-2 Is Immunogenically Silent, Preventing Lung Inflammation In Vivo. Infect. Immun., 85.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00546-17"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheenstra, M.R., Belt, M.v.D., Bokhoven, J.L.M.T.-V., Schneider, V.A.F., Ordonez, S.R., van Dijk, A., Veldhuizen, E.J.A., and Haagsman, H.P. (2019). Cathelicidins PMAP-36, LL-37 and CATH-2 are similar peptides with different modes of action. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41246-6"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.01.012","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 attenuates LTA induced inflammatory effect in macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Ruan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.02.745","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Drives Rosacea-Like Skin Inflammation in an NLRP3-Dependent Manner","volume":"141","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1032","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1032","article-title":"Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-\u03baB-NLRP3 signaling","volume":"11","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01199-1","article-title":"The protective role of chicken cathelicidin-1 against Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"54","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McHugh, B.J., Wang, R., Li, H.-N., Beaumont, P.E., Kells, R., Stevens, H., Young, L., Rossi, A.G., Gray, R.D., and Dorin, J.R. (2019). Cathelicidin is a \u201cfire alarm\u201d, generating protective NLRP3-dependent airway epithelial cell inflammatory responses during infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007694"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.197822","article-title":"Colitis induced in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"59","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12572\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:49Z","timestamp":1760114269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12572"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252312572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312572","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}