{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:20:18Z","timestamp":1783552818017,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by neuron loss, are a group of neurological disorders that adversely affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Although several medicines have been approved for managing neurodegenerative diseases, new therapies allowing for a significant slowdown in the progression of neurodegenerative syndromes are constantly being sought. Magnesium (Mg), a crucial mineral necessary for the functioning of organisms, is important to normal central nervous system (CNS) activity. Although the effects of this bioelement on the CNS are relatively well recognized, its role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in humans is not yet well characterized. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to collect data about a possible association between Mg and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. Hence, the levels of Mg in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and hair from subjects with AD, PD, and ALS are compiled to detect possible variations in the levels of this mineral in the biological specimens of people with neurodegenerative illnesses. Additionally, the findings from an animal model are summarized to offer the reader a deeper insight into studies on Mg in the context of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Data provided in the present review indicate that Mg, due to its neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial-supportive properties, could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD, PD, and ALS. However, more epidemiological studies with standardized methods of dietary assessment and Mg measurement are necessary to recognize its exact role in neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, extensive well-designed clinical trials are also needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and optimal dosages, and to ensure long-term safety of this mineral supplementation in AD, PD, and ALS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"12595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Magnesium (Mg) and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Mg Levels in Biological Specimens in Humans Affected Some Neurodegenerative Disorders with an Update on Therapy and Clinical Trials Supplemented with Selected Animal Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1724-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u015acibior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantyn\u00f3w St. 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Llopis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, 18100 Armilla, Spain"},{"name":"Sport and Health Research Centre, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 P.","family":"Dobrakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Institute, Humanitas University in Sosnowiec, Jana Kili\u0144skiego St. 43, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"M\u0119cik-Kronenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 3 Maja St. 13, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum im. Dr W\u0142adys\u0142aw Biega\u0144ski, Jan D\u0142ugosz University, Washington St. 4\/8, 42-200 Cz\u0119stochowa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorentini, D., Cappadone, C., Farruggia, G., and Prata, C. (2021). Magnesium: Biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041136"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378S","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003483","article-title":"Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health","volume":"4","author":"Volpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"379","article-title":"The effect of magnesium deficiency on neurological disorders: A narrative review article","volume":"48","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.0000000000000103","article-title":"Magnesium homeostasis: Lessons from human genetics","volume":"18","author":"Morrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8199","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095388","article-title":"Magnesium in prevention and therapy","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"91","article-title":"Magnesium research: A brief historical account","volume":"1","author":"Durlach","year":"1988","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"163","article-title":"Magnesium research: From the beginnings to today","volume":"17","author":"Durlach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Overview of magnesium research: History and current trends. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2024, April 20). Available online: https:\/\/profilaktykamedyczna.wordpress.com\/2018\/02\/19\/profesor-julian-aleksandrowicz-czlowiek-ktory-mial-rozum-w-sercu\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Experimental data on chroni\u0107 magnesium deficiency. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Review of magnesium and metabolic syndrom. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Cardiovascular disease in magnesium. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Magnesium in psychoses. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishizawa, Y., Morii, H., and Durlach, J. (2007). Magnesium in the central nervous system. New Perspectives in Magnesium Research, Nutrition and Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-483-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004517","article-title":"Serum magnesium is associated with the risk of dementia","volume":"89","author":"Kieboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirkland, A.E., Sarlo, G.L., and Holton, K.F. (2018). The role of magnesium in neurological disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060730"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"41","article-title":"Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia","volume":"74","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, A.B., Lutsey, P.L., Gottesman, R.F., Tin, A., and Alonso, A. (2020). Low serum magnesium is associated with incydent dementia in the ARIC-NCS cohort. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103074"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"95","article-title":"Magnesium in the CNS: Recent advances and development","volume":"29","author":"Vink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maier, J.A.M., Locatelli, L., Fedele, G., Cazzaniga, A., and Mazur, A. (2023). Magnesium and the brain: A focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010223"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"283","article-title":"Distribution of calcium and magnesium in soft tissues, especially in the central nervous system, and bone of rats fed with low calcium-magnesium with or without aluminum","volume":"42","author":"Yasui","year":"1990","journal-title":"No Shinkei Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90154-F","article-title":"Distribution of magnesium in central nervous system tissue, trabecular and cortical bone in rats fed with unbalanced diets of minerals","volume":"99","author":"Yasui","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurolog. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1159\/000177770","article-title":"Evolution of Mg deficiency in rats","volume":"37","author":"Lerma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1995.10718510","article-title":"Changes in tissue calcium and phosphorus content and plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin after long-term magnesium deficiency in rats","volume":"14","author":"Planells","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"745","article-title":"Similarities in calcium and magnesium metabolism between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and calcification of the spinal cord in the Kii Peninsula ALS focus","volume":"49","author":"Yasui","year":"1997","journal-title":"No Shinkei Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"39","article-title":"Effects of low calcium and magnesium dietary intake on the central nervous system tissues of rats and calcium-magnesium related disorders in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis focus in the Kii Peninsula of Japan","volume":"10","author":"Yasui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00075-6","article-title":"Aluminum decreases the magnesium concentration of spinal cord and trabecular bone in rats fed a low calcium, high aluminum diet","volume":"157","author":"Yasui","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurolog. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/009841098158359","article-title":"Determination of endogenous trace metal contents in various mouse brain regions after prolonged oral administration of aluminum chloride","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:80:1:67","article-title":"Changes in Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn contents in mouse brain tissues after prolonged oral ingestion of brick tea liquor containing a high level of Al","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"73","article-title":"Concentrations of fluorine, aluminum and magnesium in some structures of the central nervous system of rats exposed to aluminum and fluoride in drinking water","volume":"50","author":"Lubkowska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Stetin."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"rev-47","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of aluminium and its link to neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"1","author":"Kawahara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metallomics Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goschorska, M., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Gutowska, I., Metryka, E., Sk\u00f3ra-Majewicz, M., and Chlubek, D. (2018). Potential tole of fluoride in the ethiopathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123965"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2002.00441.x","article-title":"Chronic low-Ca\/Mg high-Al. diet induces neural loss","volume":"22","author":"Kihira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"970","article-title":"Etiology of Kii ALS\/PDC, featuring a mineral hypothesis","volume":"47","author":"Yoshida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(90)90095-V","article-title":"Dementias: The role of magnesium deficiency and an hypothesis concerning the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Glick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"203","article-title":"Relationship between neurological diseases due to aluminium load, especially amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and magnesium status","volume":"5","author":"Mitani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2006.00672.x","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency over generations in rats with special references to the pathogenesis of the parkinsonism-dementia complex and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of Guam","volume":"26","author":"Oyanagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000118988","article-title":"Effects of a magnesium-deficient diet on sleep organization in rats","volume":"27","author":"Depoortere","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19940032","article-title":"Changes in bioavailability and tissue distribution of zinc caused by magnesium deficiency in rats","volume":"72","author":"Planells","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1159\/000129365","article-title":"Metal concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Gerhardsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000249145","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid total tau is associated with shorter survival in dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"28","author":"Hansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.10.018","article-title":"CSF Mg and Ca as diagnostic markers for dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"30","author":"Hansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.01.003","article-title":"Patterns of levels of biological metals in CSF differ among neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"303","author":"Hozumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210158","article-title":"The association of essential metals with APOE genotype in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"82","author":"Orct","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201250","article-title":"Impacts of iron metabolism dysregulation on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"80","author":"Jouini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"189","article-title":"Disturbances of magnesium concentrations in various brain areas in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Andrasi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2005-7402","article-title":"Brain aluminium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of control and Alzheimer-diseased patients","volume":"7","author":"Andrasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000116800","article-title":"Magnesium and calcium contents in CNS tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients from the Kii Peninsula, Japan","volume":"32","author":"Yasui","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100029140","article-title":"Reginal metal concentrations in Parkinson\u2019s disease, other chroni\u0107 neurological diseases, and control brains","volume":"16","author":"Uitti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"593","article-title":"Calcium, magnesium and aluminium concentrations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Yasui","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scholefield, M., Church, S.J., Xu, J., Patassini, S., Roncaroli, F., Hooper, N.M., Unwin, R.D., and Cooper, G.J.S. (2021). Widespread decreases ib cerebral copper are common to Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.641222"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199905)14:3<430::AID-MDS1007>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Barbiroli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.007","article-title":"Metal changes in CSF and peripheral compartments of parkinsonian patients","volume":"24","author":"Bocca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0124-0","article-title":"Trace and major elements in whole blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"111","author":"Forte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"231","article-title":"Metals and trace elements in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Basun","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. Park. Dement. Sect."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0287","article-title":"Altered ionized magnesium levels in mild-to moderate Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7156928","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7156928","article-title":"Preliminary data on the interaction between some niometals and oxidative stress status in mild cognitive impairement and Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"2017","author":"Balmus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988714522698","article-title":"Polymorphism in cytochrome P450 2D6, glutathione S-transferases Pi I genes, and organochlorine pesticides in Alzheimer disease: A case-control study in north Indian population","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1159\/000110873","article-title":"Serum magnesium level and clinical deterioration in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"53","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450390162146","article-title":"Hypothalamic digoxin, hemispheric chemical dominance, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"113","author":"Kurup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1984.tb00889.x","article-title":"Hair and serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in Alzheimer-type dementia","volume":"32","author":"Shore","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1407-67","article-title":"A comparison of hair and serum trace elements in patients with Alzheimer disease and healthy participants","volume":"45","author":"Ilhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00571.x","article-title":"Lipids\u2019 peroxidation markers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia","volume":"10","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.12.001","article-title":"Serum chemical elements and oxidative status in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Alimonti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200220","article-title":"Association between serum magnesium levels and Alzheimer\u2019s disease or mixed dementia patients: A population-based retrospective controlled study","volume":"4","author":"Zaken","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-018-0089-3","article-title":"Plasma metals as potential biomarkers in dementia: A case\u2014Control study in patienrs with sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2010.02.002","article-title":"Alterations of plasma magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, and selenium concentrations and some related erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Vural","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00241-T","article-title":"Plasma magnesium decrease and altered calcium\/magnesium ratio in severe dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"37","author":"Lemke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1969.tb107155.x","article-title":"The concentration of magnesium and potassium in erythrocytes and plasma of geriatric patients with psychiatric disorders","volume":"2","author":"Brackenridge","year":"1969","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217711440","article-title":"Ameliorating effect of anti-Alzheimer\u2019s drugs on the bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"242","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"283","article-title":"Magnesium and potassium status in elderly subjects with and without dementia of the Alzheimer type","volume":"3","author":"Borella","year":"1990","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Hair aluminium in normal aged and senile dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"317","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog. Clin. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anirudhan, A., Angulo-Bejarano, P.I., Paramasivam, P., Manokaran, K., Kamath, S.M., Murugesan, R., Sharma, A., and Ahmed, S.S.S.J. (2021). RPL6: A key molecule regulating zinc-and magnesium-bound metalloproteins of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.631892"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.08.003","article-title":"Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, silicon and zinc content of hair in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Forte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1340","article-title":"Guamanian neurodegenerative disease: Investigation of the calcium metabolism\/heavy metal hypothesis","volume":"45","author":"Ahlskog","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4236\/nm.2010.12009","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid magnesium level in different neurological disorders","volume":"1","author":"Haensch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, K., Zheng, X., Ma, Z.T., Lv, J.Y., Jiang, W.J., and Liu, M.Y. (2022). Association of circulating magnesium levels in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease from 1991 to 2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.799824"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.03.035","article-title":"Dietary intake of metals and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A case-control study in Japan","volume":"306","author":"Miyake","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000068021.13945.7F","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes","volume":"60","author":"Powers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2011.0293","article-title":"Bioavailability, tissue distribution and hypoglycaemic effect of vanadium in magnesium-deficient rats","volume":"24","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9658-9","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of magnesium acetyltaurate against NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in rat retina","volume":"31","author":"Lambuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.03.034","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate provides neuroprotection in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia by inhibiting NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"184","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117737845","article-title":"The effects of magnesium sulfate on the inflammatory response of placentas perfused with lipopolysaccharide: Using the ex vivo dual-perfused human single-cotyledon model","volume":"25","author":"Kovo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2010.AMK063","article-title":"Role of ERK signaling in the neuroprotective efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment during focal cerebral ischemia in the gerbil cortex","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beloosesky, R., Khatib, N., Ginsberg, Y., Anabosy, S., Shalom-Paz, E., Dahis, M., Ross, M.G., and Weiner, Z. (2016). Maternal magnesium sulfate fetal neuroprotective effects to the fetus: Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells activation in a rodent model. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 215.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.03.032"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(95)00128-M","article-title":"Effect of magnesium deficiency on fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane and plasma lipid concentration in rats","volume":"6","author":"Lerma","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.04.047","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation in the treatment of dementia patients","volume":"67","author":"Ozturk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01831-9","article-title":"Optical spectroscopy and prevention of deleterious cerebral vascular effects of ethanol by magnesium ions","volume":"447","author":"Barbour","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2023). Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement., 9, 1598\u20131695."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-01871-z","article-title":"Magnesium acts as a second messenger in the regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated CREB signaling in neurons","volume":"57","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2546-5","article-title":"Dysfunction of NMDA receptors in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Dudley, S.C. (2020). Magnesium, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9100907"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"575","article-title":"Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veronese, N., Pizzol, D., Smith, L., Dominguez, L.J., and Barbagallo, M. (2022). Effect of magnesium supplementation on inflammatory parameters: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030679"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-275578","article-title":"By suppressing the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1\u03b1 and -1\u03b2 and inhibiting the aggregation of \u03b2-amyloid protein, magnesium ions inhibit the cognitive decline of amyloid precursor protein\/presenilin 1 transgenic mice","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z.P., Li, L., Bao, J., Wang, Z.H., Zeng, J., Liu, E.J., Li, X.G., Huang, R.X., Gao, D., and Li, M.Z. (2014). Magnesium protects cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s model. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108645"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.02.022","article-title":"Mineral requirements for mitochondrial function: A connection to redox balance and cellular differentiation","volume":"182","author":"Killilea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Rad. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210517114016","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Opportunities for drug development","volume":"20","author":"Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01353-3","article-title":"Signaling pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Vink, R., and Nechifor, M. (2024, June 16). Magnesium in neuroses and neuroticism, Magnesium in the Central Nervous System, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507254\/."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130230","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-015-0042-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its potential as therapeutic target","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2015.24.2.103","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"164","article-title":"Review on iron and its importance for human health","volume":"19","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemerkov\u00e1, P., and Vali\u0161, M. (2021). Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Antioxidant metalloenzymes and therapeutic strategies. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030437"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheltova, A.A., Kharitonova, M.V., Iezhitsa, I.N., and Spasov, A.A. (2016). Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: An update. BioMedicine, 6.","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-016-0020-6"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., and Wang, F. (2017). Role of neuroinflammation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Cellular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01005"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Wang, X., Huo, Z., Chen, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, Z., Meng, F., Su, Q., Bao, W., and Zhang, L. (2022). The Impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11132049"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1988.5.17","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency exacerbates and pretreatment improves outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and behavioral studies","volume":"5","author":"McIntosh","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91188-8","article-title":"Magnesium protects against neurological deficyt after brain injury","volume":"482","author":"McIntosh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90739-8","article-title":"Magnesium and ketamine attenuate cognitive dysfunction following experimental brain injury","volume":"157","author":"Smith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.1.0131","article-title":"Effect of magnesium given 1 hour after head trauma on brain edema and neurological outcome","volume":"85","author":"Feldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1998.15.183","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of MgSO4 and MgCl2 in closed head injury: A comperative phosphorus NMR study","volume":"15","author":"Heath","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00288-8","article-title":"Preoperative regimens of magnesium facilitate recovery of function and prevent subcortical atrophy following lesions of the rat sensorimotor cortex","volume":"45","author":"Hoane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.0730271.x","article-title":"Alterations in ionized and total blood magnesium after experimental traumatic brain injury: Relationship to neurobehavioral outcome and neuroprotective efficacy of magnesium chloride","volume":"73","author":"Bareyre","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.2.183","article-title":"Acute cytpsceletal alterations and cel death induced by experimental brain injury are attenuated by magnesium treatment and exacerbated by magnesium deficiency","volume":"60","author":"Saatman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/089771504774129883","article-title":"A molecular basis for the efficacy of magnesium treatment following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vink, R., and Nechifor, M. (2011). The role of magnesium therapy in learning and memory. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System, University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9780987073051"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2000.2.3\/jnewcomer","article-title":"NMDA receptor function, memory, and brain aging","volume":"2","author":"Newcomer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.12.026","article-title":"Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium","volume":"65","author":"Slutsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-017-1007-9","article-title":"Magnesium lithospermate B suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells and attenuates neurodegeneration in lipopolysaccharide-injected mice","volume":"64","author":"Tai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2335","article-title":"The hippocampus and memory: Insights from spatial processing","volume":"9","author":"Bird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.01.020","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency impairs fear conditioning in mice","volume":"1038","author":"Bardgett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherubin, N., Kumar, R., Sachdev, P.S., and Anstey, K.J. (2014). Dietary mineral intake and risk of mild cognitive impairment: The PATH through life project. Front. Aging Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00004"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.04061.x","article-title":"Self-reported dietary intake of potassium, calcium and magnesium and risk of dementia in the Japanese: The hisayama study","volume":"60","author":"Ozawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.010","article-title":"Gelatin\/polyvinyl alcohol loaded magnesium hydoxide nanocomposite attenuates neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease induced rats","volume":"222","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2020.11.002","article-title":"Magnesium and inflammation: Advances and perspectives","volume":"115","author":"Maier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"483","article-title":"Benzodiazepine\/GABA(A) receptors are involved in magnesium-induced anxiolytic-like behavior in mice","volume":"60","author":"Poleszak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.10.044","article-title":"GABA-Induced intracellular Mg2+ mobilization integrates and coordinates cellular information processing for the maturation of neural networks","volume":"28","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamanaka, R., Shindo, Y., and Oka, K. (2019). Magnesium is a key player in neuronal maturation and neuropathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143439"},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"16","article-title":"Magnesium and the blood-brain barrier in vitro: Effects on permeability and magnesium transport","volume":"32","author":"Romeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magnes. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneman, R., and Prat, A. (2015). The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Hu, Q., Li, S., Dai, F., Qian, W., Hewlings, S., Yan, T., and Wang, Y. (2022). A Magtein\u00ae, magnesium L-threonate, -based formula improves brain cognitive functions in healthy chinese adults. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245235"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150538","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of MMFS-01, a synapse density enhancer, for treating cognitive impairment in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000107083","article-title":"Symptoms of anxiety and depression in the course of cognitive decline","volume":"24","author":"Bierman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slsci.2015.02.001","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and mild cognitive impairment: A review","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, A.C., Lim, S., and Kim, Y.K. (2018). Metal ion effects on A\u03b2 and tau aggregation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010128"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babylon, L., Schmitt, F., Franke, Y., Hubert, T., and Eckert, G.P. (2022). Effects of combining biofactors on bioenergetic parameters, A\u03b2 levels and survival in Alzheimer model organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158670"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210173","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuroimaging initiative. Grey matter loss at different stages of cognitive decline: A role for the thalamus in developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"83","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03123-x","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake is related to larger brain volumes and lower white matter lesions with notable sex differences","volume":"62","author":"Alateeq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, A.B., Thomas, D.S., Lutsey, P.L., Shrestha, S., and Alonso, A. (2021). Associations of serum magnesium with brain morphology and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: The atherosclerosis risk in communities-neurocognitive study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124496"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S186209","article-title":"Elevated circulating magnesium levels in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3109\/21678421.2013.803577","article-title":"Magnesium intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Results from five large cohort studies","volume":"14","author":"Fondell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Front. Degener."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12595\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:38:07Z","timestamp":1760114287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12595"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252312595"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]}}}