{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:00:04Z","timestamp":1791824404196,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]],"date-time":"2024-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alcon Research LLC","award":["#196608b"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#196608b"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in apoptosis. We reported that Blue Light (BL) induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and increased drusen deposition and RPE cell apoptosis in human eyes. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying BL-induced damage to RPE cells. Cells were exposed to BL with or without the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Cells were analyzed for levels of ROS, proliferation, viability, and mitochondria membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8M) fluctuation. We performed proteomic analyses to search for differentially expressed proteins. ROS levels increased following RPE cell exposure to BL. While ROS production did not affect RPE cell proliferation, it was accompanied by decreased \u0394\u03a8M and increased cell apoptosis due to the caspase cascade activation in a ROS-dependent manner. Proteomic analyses revealed that BL decreased the levels of ROS detoxifying enzymes in exposed cells. We conclude that BL-induced oxidative stress is cytotoxic to RPE cells. These findings bring new insights into the involvement of BL on RPE cell damage and its role in the progression of age-related macular degeneration. The use of antioxidants is an avenue to block or delay BL-mediated RPE cell apoptosis to counteract the disease progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T03:59:01Z","timestamp":1732507141000},"page":"12619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Blue Light-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage Underlay Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-9335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdouh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"The MUHC-McGill University Ocular Pathology & Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Goyeneche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"The MUHC-McGill University Ocular Pathology & Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel N.","family":"Burnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"},{"name":"The MUHC-McGill University Ocular Pathology & Translational Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.002","article-title":"The Incidence and Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 15 Years: The Blue Mountains Eye Study","volume":"122","author":"Joachim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113624","article-title":"Senile macular degeneration:review of epidemiologic features","volume":"118","author":"Ferris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. 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