{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:12:00Z","timestamp":1791886320268,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":846,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegeneration is preeminent in many neurological diseases, and still a major burden we fail to manage in patient\u2019s care. Its pathogenesis is complicated, intricate, and far from being completely understood. Taking multiple sclerosis as an example, we propose that neurodegeneration is neither a cause nor a consequence by itself. Mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to energy deficiency and ion imbalance, plays a key role in neurodegeneration, and is partly caused by the oxidative stress generated by microglia and astrocytes. Nodal and paranodal disruption, with or without myelin alteration, is further involved. Myelin loss exposes the axons directly to the inflammatory and oxidative environment. Moreover, oligodendrocytes provide a singular metabolic and trophic support to axons, but do not emerge unscathed from the pathological events, by primary myelin defects and cell apoptosis or secondary to neuroinflammation or axonal damage. Hereby, trophic failure might be an overlooked contributor to neurodegeneration. Thus, a complex interplay between neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration, wherein each is primarily and secondarily involved, might offer a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis and help establishing novel therapeutic strategies for many neurological diseases and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1732512092000},"page":"12637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Should We Consider Neurodegeneration by Itself or in a Triangulation with Neuroinflammation and Demyelination? The Example of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oc\u00e9ane","family":"Perdaens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"van Pesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis Worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, Third Edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. 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