{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:28:06Z","timestamp":1789705686108,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office OTKA","award":["NKFI K 132687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K 132687"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office OTKA","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["NKFI K 132687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K 132687"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Laboratory Project","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151","award":["NKFI K 132687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K 132687"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]},{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Doctoral School of Biology, Budapest, Hungary","award":["NKFI K 132687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K 132687"]}]},{"name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, Doctoral School of Biology, Budapest, Hungary","award":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and its entry into humans and livestock is of serious concern. In our study, we investigated the impact of PVC treatments on physiological, pathological, hormonal, and microbiota changes in female rabbits. Trend-like alterations in weight were observed in the spleen, liver, and kidney in both low (P1) and high dose (P2) PVC treatment groups. Histopathological examination revealed exfoliation of the intestinal mucosa in the treated groups compared to the control, and microplastic particles were penetrated and embedded in the spleen. Furthermore, both P1 and P2 showed increased 17-beta-estradiol (E2) hormone levels, indicating early sexual maturation. Moreover, the elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels suggest inflammatory reactions associated with PVC treatment. Genus-level analyses of the gut microbiota in group P2 showed several genera with increased or decreased abundance. In conclusion, significant or trend-like correlations were demonstrated between the PVC content of feed and physiological, pathological, and microbiota parameters. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the broad-spectrum effects of PVC microplastic exposure in rabbits. These results highlight the potential health risks associated with PVC microplastic exposure, warranting further investigations in both animals and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1732515919000},"page":"12646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Microplastic Particles on Gut Microbiota Composition and Health Status in Rabbit Livestock"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"P\u00e9ter P.","family":"Papp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, 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Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2790-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Posta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Hiripi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of 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