{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:34:36Z","timestamp":1783787676257,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gachon University","award":["GCU-202208960001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202208960001"]}]},{"name":"Gachon University","award":["RS-2024-00404250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00404250"]}]},{"name":"Gachon University","award":["R2024058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2024058"]}]},{"name":"Korea Forest Service","award":["GCU-202208960001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202208960001"]}]},{"name":"Korea Forest Service","award":["RS-2024-00404250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00404250"]}]},{"name":"Korea Forest Service","award":["R2024058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2024058"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Fisheries Science in Korea","award":["GCU-202208960001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCU-202208960001"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Fisheries Science in Korea","award":["RS-2024-00404250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00404250"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Fisheries Science in Korea","award":["R2024058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2024058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a widespread age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of an aggregated protein, \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-syn), which is encoded by the SNCA gene and localized to presynaptic terminals in a normal human brain. The \u03b1-syn aggregation is induced by the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mitochondrial neurotoxin and is therefore used to mimic PD-like pathology in various in vitro and in vivo models. However, in vitro PD-like pathology using \u03b1-syn and MPTP in human microglial cells has not yet been reported. Malvidin-3-O-glucoside (M3G) is a major anthocyanin primarily responsible for pigmentation in various fruits and beverages and has been reported to possess various bioactivities. However, the neuroprotective effects of M3G in humanized in vitro PD-like pathologies have not been reported. Therefore, individual and co-treatments of \u03b1-syn and MPTP in a human microglial (HMC3) cell line were used to establish a humanized PD-like pathology model in vitro. The individual treatments were significantly less cytotoxic when compared to the \u03b1-syn and MPTP co-treatment. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of M3G by treating HMC3 cells with \u03b1-syn (8 \u03bcg\/mL) and MPTP (2 mM) individually or in a co-treatment in the presence or absence of M3G (50 \u03bcM). M3G demonstrated anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties against the \u03b1-syn- and MPTP-generated humanized in vitro PD-like pathology. This study determined that the cytoprotective effects of M3G are mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)\/heme oxygenase (HO)-1 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1732681212000},"page":"12733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Malvidin-3-O-Glucoside Mitigates \u03b1-Syn and MPTP Co-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Human Microglial HMC3 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9272-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachit","family":"Sood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-515X","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Sanjay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Ung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae-Jeung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00370-3","article-title":"Nitrosative stress in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Stykel","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Park. 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