{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:33:55Z","timestamp":1790883235705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K06074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K06074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melanomas, which develop on malignant transformations of melanocytes, are highly malignant and prone to metastasis; therefore, effective drugs are required. The Momordica charantia (MC) extract has been shown to suppress cancer cell proliferation and invasion; however, the effect of the MC extract on melanoma in living organisms remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the amelioration of melanoma cell extravasation into mouse lungs by the MC extract. Male C57BL\/6j mice (aged 8 weeks) were injected with B16 melanoma cells (1 \u00d7 105 cells\/mouse). Subsequently, they were orally administered the MC extract daily for 2 weeks; mouse lung samples were obtained on the final day and analyzed. The MC extract ameliorated melanoma proliferation and infiltration into the lungs caused by melanoma cell treatment. It also increased phosphatase and tensin homolog deletion from chromosome 10 and suppressed paired box gene 3 (PAX3) and the phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate\/RAC-alpha serine\/threonine-protein kinase\/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling. Furthermore, it decreased microphthalmia-associated transcription factors and induced the suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, B-cell\/CLL lymphoma 2, and Ras-related proteins. Our findings suggest that the MC extract suppresses tumor survival genes by regulating PAX3, thereby ameliorating melanoma proliferation and invasion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T05:19:39Z","timestamp":1732771179000},"page":"12800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Momordica charantia Extract Ameliorates Melanoma Cell Proliferation and Invasion into Mouse Lungs by Suppressing PAX3 Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Hiramoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8607, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Oikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3 Minamitamagaki, Suzuka 513-8607, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.12.191","article-title":"The evolution of S100B inhibitors for the treatment of malignant melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Hartman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Med. 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