{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T15:59:07Z","timestamp":1793721547855,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["RS-2023-00251396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251396"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2021R1A6A1A03038996"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A6A1A03038996"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), a complex neurodegenerative disease (ND), is the most predominant cause of dementia among the elderly. Generally, elderly people have multiple chronic health conditions, like hypertension, arthritis, diabetes, insomnia, bowel problems, and depression. Although prescribed medications have beneficial therapeutic compositions, some may have side effects that could hinder cognitive function or worsen cognitive decline. Hence, we should evaluate those medications to guarantee their safety. In the present mechanistic review, we discussed frequently used categories of medication (analgesics, anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, proton pump inhibitors, and statins), concerning their possible involvement in increasing AD and dementia risks. This review summarized the results of various observational studies, meta-analyses, randomized case\u2013control studies, and systematic reviews. As the results were contradictory, it was difficult to ascertain the clear associations between medication usage and increased risks of dementia or AD. The blood-based biomarkers (BBMs) offer a low-cost and accessible alternative for early diagnosis of AD. Systematic reviews combined with meta-analysis would be crucial tools for accurately assessing and summarizing the efficacy of health interventions, yet randomized clinical trials have always been the best way to help with clinical care decisions. Thus, an open discussion is necessary to help individuals determine whether the advantages of utilizing medications outweigh the possible drawbacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"12850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Medication Exposure and Risk of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6720-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8123-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong Soo A.","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9101-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Yun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital & Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, September 10). 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