{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:14:27Z","timestamp":1763644467153,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SENECA Foundation of the Region of Murcia (Spain)","award":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012514","name":"CIBEROBN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012514","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"\u201cMiguel Servet\u201d program from the Institute of Health Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional-FEDER","award":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 21646\/PDC\/21","CB12\/03\/30002","CP19\/00098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thistle (Onopordum acanthium) has been traditionally employed for liver protection. However, we recently identified silibinin, the main bioactive compound of thistle extract, as an in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitor, which suggested a potential role as an anti-obesity agent. This study aimed to assess, in vivo, the efficacy, safety, and effects of silibinin on human lipase. As a secondary objective, we evaluated potential changes in gut microbiota after silibinin treatment. A randomized trial comparing 150 mg\/silibinin, 300 mg\/silibinin, and a thistle extract (equivalent to 150 mg\/silibinin) with placebo and orlistat\/120 mg was conducted. Fecal fat excretion, clinical parameters, and microbiota changes were analyzed. Orlistat showed the highest fecal fat excretion, although thistle extract had similar results (p = 0.582). The 150 mg\/silibinin group reported the fewest adverse effects. Both silibinin and orlistat reduced plasma triglycerides (p = 0.016) and waist circumference (p = 0.001). Specific microbiota changes, such as increases in Mycobacteriaceae and Veillonellaceae, were associated with higher fat excretion. Although the present work was conducted in the short term and in people of normal weight, our results suggest that silibinin may be safe and effective for obesity, with minimal adverse effects and no significant changes in microbiota diversity. Further studies are needed to explore its microbiota-related benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"12853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Silibinin on Human Pancreatic Lipase Inhibition and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ponce Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Trastornos de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9679-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Murcia Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Trastornos de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Group, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-7898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"P\u00e9rez S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Group, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-9916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferm\u00edn I.","family":"Milagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, Universidad de Navarra, C\/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1885-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"Riezu-Boj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C\/Irunlarrea, 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6804-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Ramos Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"G\u00f3mez Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Campus de Lorca, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 0, Lorca, 30800 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvador","family":"Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, C\/Campus Universitario, 5, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Ca\u00f1avate Cutillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Trastornos de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-4630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Morante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Trastornos de la Alimentaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Murcia, Campus de Guadalupe, Avda. de Los Jer\u00f3nimos, s\/n, 30107 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 15). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, December 12). Overweight and Obesity\u2014What Are Overweight and Obesity?|NHLBI, NIH, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health\/overweight-and-obesity."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03311.x","article-title":"Reduction of dietary fat absorption by the novel gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor cetilistat in healthy volunteers","volume":"67","author":"Bryson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12932","article-title":"Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity","volume":"19","author":"Blundell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S365416","article-title":"Clinical Insight on Semaglutide for Chronic Weight Management in Adults: Patient Selection and Special Considerations","volume":"16","author":"Chao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2023.08.005","article-title":"Impact of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on the human gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Uehira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy078","article-title":"Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Obesity: Links with Host Genetics and Epigenetics and Potential Applications","volume":"10","author":"Sierra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00904-4","article-title":"A predictive regression model of the obesity-related inflammatory status based on gut microbiota composition","volume":"45","author":"Aranaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsw002","article-title":"The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness","volume":"23","author":"Nishijima","year":"2016","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104479","article-title":"Identification of the thistle milk component Silibinin(A) and Glutathione-disulphide as potential inhibitors of the pancreatic lipase: Potential implications on weight loss","volume":"83","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00210","article-title":"Liposome-Based Silibinin for Mitigating Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Dual Effects via Parenteral and Intestinal Routes","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155947","article-title":"Silymarin Targets the FXR Protein through Microbial Metabolite 7-Keto-Deoxycholic Acid to Treat MASLD in Obese Mice","volume":"133","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diab, F., Zbeeb, H., Zeaiter, L., Baldini, F., Pagano, A., Minicozzi, V., and Vergani, L. (2024). Unraveling the Metabolic Activities of Bioactive Compounds on Cellular Models of Hepatosteatosis and Adipogenesis through Docking Analysis with PPARs. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78374-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i18.2288","article-title":"Silybin and the liver: From basic research to clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Loguercio","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831010-00005","article-title":"Orlistat-Associated Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions","volume":"31","author":"Filippatos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.1.155","article-title":"XENical in the Prevention of Diabetes in Obese Subjects (XENDOS) Study: A Randomized Study of Orlistat as an Adjunct to Lifestyle Changes for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Patients","volume":"27","author":"Torgerson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7602","article-title":"Association of Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity with Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Khera","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaseth, J., Ellefsen, S., Alehagen, U., Sundf\u00f8r, T.M., and Alexander, J. (2021). Diets and drugs for weight loss and health in obesity\u2014An update. Biomed. Pharmacother., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111789"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.22.11.814.33627","article-title":"Effects of Orlistat on Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Obese Adolescents","volume":"22","author":"McDuffie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2011.02.004","article-title":"Interfacial & colloidal aspects of lipid digestion","volume":"165","author":"Wilde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00816-y","article-title":"Drug Therapy in Obesity: A Review of Current and Emerging Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2023, December 12). Orlistat (Marketed as Alli and Xenical) Information|FDA, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers\/orlistat-marketed-alli-and-xenical-information."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.04.016","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Silymarin for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Kheong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"100255","article-title":"Silymarin is an ally against insulin resistance: A review","volume":"23","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Zhao, X., Huang, Z., Luo, S., Zhang, X., Sun, W., Lan, T., and He, R. (2024). Determination of Flavonolignan Compositional Ratios in Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle) Extracts Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29132949"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110250","article-title":"Isosilybin regulates lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation via the AMPK\/SREBP-1c\/PPAR\u03b1 pathway","volume":"368","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Interact."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.3c00171","article-title":"Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Silybum Marianum Seed Extract Rich in Silydianin and Silychristin in a Rat Model of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Awla","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuevas-Sierra, A., Milagro, F.I., Aranaz, P., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., and Riezu-Boj, J.I. (2021). Gut Microbiota Differences According to Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in a Spanish Population. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082710"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vacca, M., Celano, G., Calabrese, F.M., Portincasa, P., Gobbetti, M., and De Angelis, M. (2020). The Controversial Role of Human Gut Lachnospiraceae. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1159\/000360010","article-title":"Expansion of Urease- and Uricase-Containing, Indole- and p-Cresol-Forming and Contraction of Short-Chain Fatty Acid-Producing Intestinal Microbiota in ESRD","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01359-06","article-title":"Metabolism of Linoleic Acid by Human Gut Bacteria: Different Routes for Biosynthesis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid","volume":"189","author":"Devillard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albornoz, S.P.P., Fraga-Silva, T.F.d.C., Gembre, A.F., de Oliveira, R.S., de Souza, F.M., Rodrigues, T.S., Kettelhut, I.D.C., Manca, C.S., Jordao, A.A., and Ramalho, L.N.Z. (2021). Obesity-Induced Dysbiosis Exacerbates IFN-\u03b3 Production and Pulmonary Inflammation in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071732"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.12.018","article-title":"Subcutaneous Mycobacterium vaccae promotes resilience in a mouse model of chronic psychosocial stress when administered prior to or during psychosocial stress","volume":"87","author":"Amoroso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-020-05039-6","article-title":"Mycobacterium vaccae Lysate Induces Anti-Allergic Immune Response In Vitro","volume":"170","author":"Nesmiyanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Rahman, S.U., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ming, P., Zhu, L., Chu, X., Li, J., Feng, S., and Wang, X. (2019). Green tea polyphenols decrease weight gain, ameliorate alteration of gut microbiota, and mitigate intestinal inflammation in canines with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem., 78.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108324"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1922","article-title":"Bacterial metabolism as responsible of beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on human health","volume":"60","author":"Bravo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmas, V., Pisanu, S., Madau, V., Casula, E., Deledda, A., Cusano, R., Uva, P., Vascellari, S., Loviselli, A., and Manzin, A. (2021). Gut microbiota markers associated with obesity and overweight in Italian adults. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84928-w"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisanu, S., Palmas, V., Madau, V., Casula, E., Deledda, A., Cusano, R., Uva, P., Vascellari, S., Boi, F., and Loviselli, A. (2020). Impact of a Moderately Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet on the Gut Microbiota Composition of Italian Obese Patients. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0147.v1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.t01-1-00666.x","article-title":"Fat intake and food choices during weight reduction with diet, behavioural modification and a lipase inhibitor","volume":"247","author":"Franson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.4.270.34882","article-title":"Orlistat, a New Lipase Inhibitor for the Management of Obesity","volume":"20","author":"Heck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacother. J. Hum. Pharmacol. Drug Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2012.02.016","article-title":"Effect of the once-daily human GLP-1 analogue liraglutide on appetite, energy intake, energy expenditure and gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Horowitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz, J.S.G., Morillas-Ruiz, J.M., Gallego, M.G., Soler, I.D., Ortega, M.d.C.B., Mart\u00ednez, C.M., and Morante, J.J.H. (2019). Cognitive Training Therapy Improves the Effect of Hypocaloric Treatment on Subjects with Overweight\/Obesity: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040925"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials","volume":"340","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2012.05.004","article-title":"Resumen del consenso FESNAD-SEEDO: Recomendaciones nutricionales basadas en la evidencia para la prevenci\u00f3n y el tratamiento del sobrepeso y la obesidad en adultos","volume":"59","author":"Marset","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:42:28Z","timestamp":1760114548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252312853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312853","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]}}}