{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:17:19Z","timestamp":1778253439122,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (Taiwan)","award":["NSTC 112-2628-B-303-002-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2628-B-303-002-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) was associated with bladder inflammation and tissue hypoxia with oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to investigate the profiles of urine inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in females with LUTD and to develop a urine biomarker-based decision tree model for the prediction. Urine samples were collected from 31 female patients with detrusor overactivity (DO), 45 with dysfunctional voiding (DV), and 114 with bladder pain syndrome (BPS). The targeted analytes included 15 inflammatory cytokines and 3 oxidative stress biomarkers (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosin, 8-isoprostane, and total antioxidant capacity [TAC]). Different female LUTD groups had distinct urine inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarker profiles, including IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, eotaxin, CXCL10, MIP-1\u03b2, RANTES, TNF\u03b1, VEGF, NGF, BDNF, 8-isoprostane, and TAC. The urine biomarker-based decision tree, using IL-8, IL-10, CXCL10, TNF\u03b1, NGF, and BDNF as nodes, demonstrated an overall accuracy rate of 85.3%. The DO, DV, and BPS accuracy rates were 74.2%, 73.3%, and 93.0%, respectively. Internal validation revealed a similar overall accuracy rate. Random forest models supported the significance and importance of all selected nodes in this decision tree model. The inter-individual variations and the presence of extreme values in urine biomarker levels were the limitations of this study. In conclusion, urine inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarker profiles of different female LUTDs were different. This internally validated urine biomarker-based decision tree model predicted different female LUTDs with high accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"12857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A Decision Tree Model Using Urine Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers for Predicting Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7870-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Hong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Fong","family":"Jhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4946-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Hung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7165-4771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hann-Chorng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.09.019","article-title":"Population-based survey of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and other lower urinary tract symptoms in five countries: Results of the EPIC study","volume":"50","author":"Irwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. 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