{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:56:49Z","timestamp":1780444609753,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with thyroid disorders. Since the rate of thyroid disease among patients with this syndrome is significantly higher as compared to the general population, it seems vital to explore this particular area. This systematic and critical review was performed to evaluate thyroid function and autoimmunity in patients with Turner syndrome. Four databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library from the onset of the study to July 2024. Two independent researchers manually searched databases for the following keywords: \u201cTurner syndrome\u201d, \u201canti-TPO\u201d, \u201canti-Tg\u201d, \u201cautoimmune thyroid disorders\u201d, \u201cTSH\u201d, and \u201chypothyroidism\u201d, which were entered into the search engine in isolation, as well as in combinations. Criteria incorporating information on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (total\u2014TT3), and thyroxine (free and total\u2014fT4, TT4) concentrations among patients and control groups were also included. Thyroid diseases are common in patients with Turner syndrome. Women with TS present both higher TSH levels and positive thyroid antibodies concentrations. Typical thyroid ultrasound heterogeneity with a hypogenic or mixed echopattern was also observed. As a result, it is essential to monitor thyroid hormone levels in this group, in order to detect hypothyroidism earlier and initiate appropriate replacement therapy. Thyroid diseases in women with TS may remain underdiagnosed for a number of years, due to the lack of screening. Therefore, the authors suggest a thyroid screening regimen for TS patients, which allows for early detection of the disease and implementation of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"12937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Turner Syndrome and the Thyroid Function\u2014A Systematic and Critical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2386-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Lacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3952-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Pempera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"G\u0142\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Mariowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Society, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9773-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Miedziaszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1374","article-title":"Care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: A guideline of the Turner Syndrome Study Group","volume":"92","author":"Bondy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: Proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"55","author":"Gravholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2005.3271","article-title":"Cytogenetics findings at Turner Syndrome and their correlation with clinical findings","volume":"5","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/TEN.0b013e3181fcfeba","article-title":"Analysis of phenotype and karyotype of children born from mothers with 45, X\/46, XX mosaicism","volume":"20","author":"Czyzyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352307","article-title":"Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"335","author":"Saenger","year":"1996","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"986","article-title":"Turner\u2019s Syndrome-correlation between kariotype and fenotype","volume":"6","author":"Lacka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-23-5-566","article-title":"A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck and cubitus vulgaris","volume":"28","author":"Turner","year":"1938","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Morgagni, J.B. (1761). Desedibus et causis Morborum, Ex Typographia Remondiniana."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302005000100019","article-title":"Epidemiological, endocrine and metabolic features in Turner syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Gravholt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018817746291","article-title":"Current best practice in the management of Turner syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Shankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2014-0199","article-title":"Thyroid disease in Chinese girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01296.x","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid syndrome in women with Turner syndrome-the association with karyotype","volume":"55","author":"Elsheikh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.12.007","article-title":"Multiorgan autoimmunity in a Turner syndrome patient with partial monosomy 2q and trisomy 10p","volume":"515","author":"Grossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000331050","article-title":"Incidence and dynamics of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"76","author":"Gawlik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-014-0513-6","article-title":"The association with Turner syndrome significantly affects the course of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis in children, irrespective of karyotype","volume":"50","author":"Aversa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5582\/irdr.2017.01056","article-title":"A basic understanding of Turner syndrome: Incidence, complications, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intractable Rare Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Turner, S. (2024, September 20). NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Available online: https:\/\/rarediseases.org\/rarediseases\/turner-syndrome\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kikkeri, N.S., and Nagalli, S. (2024, September 20). Turner Syndrome, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554621\/."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107390","article-title":"Delayed diagnoses of Turner\u2019s syndrome: Proposed guidelines for change","volume":"137","author":"Davenport","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(99)00162-8","article-title":"The influence of karyotype on the auricle, otitis media and hearing in Turner syndrome","volume":"138","author":"Nylen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hear. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.012","article-title":"The X chromosome and immune associated genes","volume":"38","author":"Bianchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.18544\/EP-01.12.02.1451","article-title":"Autoimmune disease profile in Turner syndrome patients","volume":"12","author":"Gawlik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2815","article-title":"The X chromosome in immune functions: When a chromosome makes the difference","volume":"10","author":"Libert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawlik, A.M., Berdej-Szczot, E., Blat, D., Klekotka, R., Gawlik, T., Blaszczyk, E., Hankus, M., and Malecka-Tendera, E. (2018). Immunological profile and predisposition to autoimmunity in girls with Turner syndrome. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00307"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1340568","article-title":"Autoimmune hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Chiovato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e602","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad566","article-title":"Autoimmune Disease in Turner Syndrome in Sweden: An up to 25 Years\u2019 Controlled Follow-up Study","volume":"109","author":"Eliasson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"359","article-title":"Middle-aged women with Turner\u00b4s syndrome. Medical status, hormonal treatment, and social life","volume":"125","author":"Hagenfeldt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e28215","article-title":"A Rare Case of Hashimoto\u2019s Encephalopathy With Mosaic Turner Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Chelikani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pempera, N., Miedziaszczyk, M., and Lacka, K. (2024). Difficulties in the Diagnostics and Treatment of Hashimoto\u2019s Encephalopathy-A Systematic and Critical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137101"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(97)70073-1","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia and presence of thyroid autoantibodies in girls with Turner\u2019s syndrome or mosaic variance","volume":"10","author":"Mitsibounas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000452722","article-title":"The Evolution of Thyroid Function after Presenting with Hashimoto Thyroiditis Is Different between Initially Euthyroid Girls with and Those without Turner Syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Wasniewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02936.x","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) treatment reduces peripheral thyroid hormone action in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Susperreguy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1262","article-title":"Hypothyroidism is common in turner syndrome: Results of a five-year follow-up","volume":"90","author":"Bryman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939608994725","article-title":"An increased incidence of thyroid antibodies in patients with Turner\u2019s syndrome and their first degree relatives","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Autoimmun"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"583","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid structure and function in patients with Turner syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Wawrzyniak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347082","article-title":"Thyroid ultra-sound in patients with Turner syndrome: Influence of clinical and auxological parameters","volume":"34","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401283","article-title":"An overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity","volume":"39","author":"Cogni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-8-5-397","article-title":"Necropsy study of a case of Turner\u2019s syndrome, Case report","volume":"8","author":"Atria","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0224-4","article-title":"Turner syndrome: Mechanisms and management","volume":"15","author":"Gravholt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.2.178","article-title":"A clinical study of Noonan syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Sharland","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(73)80482-2","article-title":"Noonan\u2019s syndrome and autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"83","author":"Vesterhus","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000444596","article-title":"SHOX Haploinsufficiency as a cause of syndromic and nonsyndromic short stature","volume":"7","author":"Fukami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Syndromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, S.O.O., Elkhidir, I.H.E., Abuzied, A.I.H., Noureddin, A.A.M.H., Ibrahim, G.A.A., and Mahmoud, A.A.A. (2018). Prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases among the Turner Syndrome patients: Meta-analysis of cross sectional studies. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3950-0"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04318.x","article-title":"Twin studies as a model for exploring the aetiology of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"76","author":"Brix","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K09E-141","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid diseases in 65 Japanese women with Turner syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Fukuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000182572","article-title":"Christiansen. Thyroid function during growth hormone therapy","volume":"38","author":"Weeke","year":"1992","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0028","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement","volume":"24","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3047","article-title":"The natural history of subclinical hypothyroidism in the elderly: The cardiovascular health study","volume":"97","author":"Somwaru","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1995.tb01894.x","article-title":"The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: A twenty-year follow-up of the whickham survey","volume":"43","author":"Vanderpump","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1775","article-title":"Neuropsychological function and symptoms in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and the effect of thyroxine treatment","volume":"91","author":"Jorde","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.005","article-title":"Hypothyroidism: Etiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"96","author":"Almandoz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000356507","article-title":"2013 eta guideline: Management of subclinical hypothyroidism","volume":"2","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30371-1","article-title":"Reference intervals in the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction: Treating patients not numbers","volume":"7","author":"Jonklaas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0251","article-title":"Trends, determinants, and associations of treated hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom, 2005\u20132014","volume":"29","author":"Razvi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.118921","article-title":"Association of sympathovagal imbalance with cardiovascular risks in overt hypothyroidism","volume":"5","author":"Syamsunder","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:24:1:001","article-title":"Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-022-02423-5","article-title":"Turner syndrome: French National Diagnosis and Care Protocol (NDCP.; National Diagnosis and Care Protocol)","volume":"17","author":"Fiot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orphanet. J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"G53","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: Proceedings from the 2023 Aarhus International Turner Syndrome Meeting","volume":"6","author":"Gravholt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbitt, H., Morris, S.A., Gravholt, C.H., Mortenson, K.H., Tippner-Hedges, R., Silberbach, M., and Maslen, C.L. (2018). TIMP3 and TIMP1 are risk genes for bicuspid aortic valve and aortopathy in Turner syndrome. PLoS Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007692"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-024-03337-0","article-title":"Turner Syndrome where are we?","volume":"19","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooqui, A., Tazyeen, S., Ahmed, M.M., Alam, A., Ali, S., Malik, M.Z., Ali, S., and Ishrat, R. (2018). Assessment of the key regulatory genes and their Interologs for Turner Syndrome employing network approach. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28375-0"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pajenda, S., Wagner, L., Gerges, D., Herkner, H., Tevdoradze, T., Mechtler, K., Schmidt, A., and Winnicki, W. (2022). Urinary Collectrin (TMEM27) as Novel Marker for Acute Kidney Injury. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091391"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31673","article-title":"Clinical update on sensorineural hearing loss in Turner syndrome and the X-chromosome","volume":"181","author":"Bonnard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/02648725.2022.2164417","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor G196A (rs6265) gene polymorphism increases Turner syndrome susceptibility","volume":"39","author":"Farooqui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12937\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:44:33Z","timestamp":1760114673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/23\/12937"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms252312937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms252312937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}