{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:18:49Z","timestamp":1766269129420,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat of Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","award":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER,UE","PID2021-122331OB-I00","PID2020-116789RB-C43","2021SGR-00092","2021SGR-00731"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly recurrent and invasive malignancy, with Mycobacterium bovis BCG serving as the primary immunotherapy, particularly for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the mechanisms underlying BCG\u2019s antitumor effects and the potential of non-tuberculous mycobacteria like Mycobacterium brumae remain unclear. This study investigates the antitumor effects of M. bovis BCG and M. brumae on BC cell migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth. BC cell lines representing different stages of tumor differentiation were treated with either M. bovis BCG or M. brumae. Cell migration was assessed through wound healing and transwell assays, invasiveness by transwell invasion assays, MMP-9 production by gelatin zymography, and anchorage-independent growth via soft agar colony formation. Both mycobacteria inhibited individual cell migration across all BC lines, while collective migration was only reduced in intermediate-grade cells. Both treatments also reduced invasiveness, associated with decreased MMP-9 production. Furthermore, M. brumae inhibited anchorage-independent growth across all BC lines, while M. bovis BCG had a more selective effect, primarily inhibiting growth in high-grade cells. In conclusion, both mycobacteria reduce migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of BC cells, with their effectiveness varying by species and tumor differentiation grade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1733217512000},"page":"12997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mycobacteria Treatment Inhibits Bladder Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion, and Anchorage-Independent Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marc","family":"Bach-Griera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Biosciences School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6938-1233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Unit, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Biosciences School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6558-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Juli\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Biosciences School, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, M.C.S., Fung, F.D.H., Leung, C., Cheung, W.W.L., Goggins, W.B., and Ng, C.F. 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