{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:30:20Z","timestamp":1790742620439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amanita phalloides is well-established as one of the most poisonous mushrooms; toxicity from ingestion was reported as early as the first century. Although native to Europe, this ectomycorrhizal fungus has been widely spread and is responsible for liver toxicity in many parts of the world. Toxicity is characterized by delayed gastrointestinal symptoms mimicking acute gastroenteritis followed by severe hepatotoxicity and liver failure with consequent multi-organ failure. The primary mechanism of liver toxicity is considered to be the inhibition of RNA polymerase II with consequent hepatocyte apoptosis. Treatment measures include supportive measures such as rehydration and correction of electrolytes on initial presentation, activated charcoal and lavage to decrease absorption, extracorporeal purification methods such as plasmapheresis, fractionated plasma separation and adsorption, and molecular adsorbent recirculating system, as well as drug therapies including antibiotics, N-acetylcysteine, and silibinin. Liver transplantation is required in those with acute liver failure and poor prognostic features. Here, we reviewed the basic biology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms of Amanita phalloides liver toxicity, as well as available treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T04:47:22Z","timestamp":1733287642000},"page":"13028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Amanita phalloides-Associated Liver Failure: Molecular Mechanisms and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8927-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahrima","family":"Kayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vetter, J. 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