{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T04:51:41Z","timestamp":1790052701667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an interplay between plasma cells, endometritis, and infertility, particularly in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure. This narrative literature review explains the pathophysiology of endometritis, detailing the involvement of various immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines in the regulation of inflammatory responses within the uterine endometrium. Here, we discuss the physiological role of plasma cells in immunity and their detection as markers of chronic endometritis, a disease associated with reproductive disorders. Our study also highlights the importance of CD138 immunohistochemical staining in the diagnosis of chronic endometritis, emphasizing the presence of plasma cells in endometrial tissue and its association with infertility and recurrent implantation failure. Of particular interest are the proposed diagnostic criteria for chronic endometritis based on the presence of plasma cells and studies that suggest a threshold for diagnosing this condition. We highlight the importance of examining the regenerative potential of endometrial stem cells in the treatment of infertility related to endometrial disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1733387631000},"page":"13083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Plasma Cells as the Key Players of IVF Failure? Unlocking the Enigma of Infertility and In Vitro Fertilization Failure in the Light of Uterine Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2872-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Dwojak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, Poznan University Hospital, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8731-0540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mroczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Dworacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5134-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Dobosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0324-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonina","family":"\u015alubowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University of Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3377-4665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM END-ICAP, 78000 Versailles, France"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4824-8131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Borowczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Filipczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6317-2866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Tomaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, 60-406 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"University Center for Cancer Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"A\u0142tyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Clinical Research Support, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Information Technology Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7928-1702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Chowaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-020-05679-z","article-title":"Are uterine natural killer and plasma cells in infertility patients associated with endometriosis, repeated implantation failure, or recurrent pregnancy loss?","volume":"302","author":"Freitag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. 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