{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T22:03:22Z","timestamp":1785017002885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nomis Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Cecil Pilkington Charitable Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Psychiatry Research Trust, London UK"},{"name":"Kings College London and the Psychiatry Research Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological and eradication trial evidence indicates that Helicobacter pylori, a major causative factor in peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, is a driver of the hypokinesia of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Psychological (cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety) and gastrointestinal (peptic ulceration and constipation) PD features can precede the symptomatic onset of motor features by decades. We hypothesise that the non-H. pylori Helicobacters (NHPH), which have farm, companion and wild animals as their main hosts, can have a role in PD aetiopathogenesis. In those occupationally at risk of NHPH infection, we address whether there is increased mortality with PD, or depression or suicide. Our systematic review gave evidence that occupational exposure to animals\/their products is associated with excess mortality with PD. Indeed, whilst livestock farming increased the risk, crop farming decreased it. Moreover, excess mortality from non-Hodgkin lymphoma in livestock farmers is compatible with NHPH being causal. Our scoping review showed that farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers have an increased risk of depression and suicide; whether their depression is associated with being down the pathway to PD and\/or the presence of Helicobacter infection needs investigation. Regarding Helicobacter species specificity, the link between the presence of NHPH in gastric biopsy and PD was described using a ureA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, targeting the most-commonly named NHPH, H. suis. We describe its redesign and optimisation as a probe-based PCR, confirming the exclusion of H. pylori but not H. suis specificity (additionally identifying 6 species of a 22-NHPH-species panel). The exploration of the zoonotic hypothesis requires a non-invasive pan-Helicobacter PCR screen, allowing the detection and molecular grouping of Helicobacter species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T06:25:16Z","timestamp":1733466316000},"page":"13123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-Helicobacter pylori\u00a0Helicobacters, a Treatable Provocateur of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Hypothesis, Evidence and Species Specificity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvyn","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Savio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Nevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB-Pork), Coventry CV3 4PE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chianna","family":"Umamahesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polychronis","family":"Pavlidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bu\u2019 Hussain","family":"Hayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2291-6952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan H.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Charlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"Statistics, Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia M.","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. John","family":"Dobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host Microbiome Interaction, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 8AB, UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tucker, R.M., Augustin, A.D., Hayee, B.H., Bjarnason, I., Taylor, D., Weller, C., Charlett, A., Dobbs, S.M., and Dobbs, R.J. (2020). Role of Helicobacters in Neuropsychiatric Disease: A Systematic Review in Idiopathic Parkinsonism. J. Clin. 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